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In The Age of Reconnaissance, J.H. Parry discusses the period in which Europe discovered the rest of the world. Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, England and the Netherlands are nations that took part of this discovery effort. The purpose is to give an outline of European exploration during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries and how they expanded and the outcome of it all and how they later saw the world as a whole. It started with Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese voyages in the mid-fifteenth century and ended many years later when the “Reconnaissance” was done and complete. Parry discusses political, economical, and religious aspects along with oversea enterprise, and problems of the European settlement (back of book, vii).
The way to explain why the discovery began in the fifteenth century and not early is that in modern European states were trying to dominate others. Along with the Black Death during the thirteenth century that is a deadly disease that was probably carried on ship while things were being exported and imported. This caused social classes to divide even more because the poorer people were close together and in unsanitary living style but the people had money were able to adjust and keep away from the disease. Before this Europe had a constant growing population but the Black Death brought down the people along with business and economic standings. European trade wasn’t somewhat held back because of this disease (7, 45). During this time priests were seen as greedy because taxes were given to the church and this also brought down the lower classes of people. Priests at this time were enjoying their luxury way of living instead of using their money to educate and teach the people. The priests were usually not so familiar with the religion since they were more likely a family member or a friend of the king. Later the needs of the people were being met buy more problems were to come. At this time the English and French were at war because of the issue of king and pope and with who had more power, but the church with the traditional power of the pope overcame this. In time France recovered from the wars and strengthened their government. Parry discusses how Europeans were motivated to venture oversea for religious zeal in which many explorers wrote about which have made many Europeans wonder (1).
Later on people started to look at their knowledge, curiosity, courage and their skill (4). And this is when the age of discovery began, Europeans now seen saw how outside forces affected the way of their living. They were influenced by many books of what is outside Europe (5). Labour on the land was the main source of wealth at these times (1). Maps and charts were also very important to sailors. They were no longer were limited to the Mediterranean but also Atlantic Ocean (6). At this time France, England, Spain and Portugal had greater power. All were countries, which are bordered by the Atlantic (15). Europeans looked for new ways of trade by using the Atlantic. European ships were also successful because at this time technology grew and since they were fast learners this came to their advantage and now were able to sail the Atlantic (0). At times things weren’t fair when an immigrant had a commodity it may be taken away if they lacked religion and at this time plundering was acceptable. The only way to get through during this time was to believe in the community belief; it was the attitude of the people (1). The Spanish had mixed feelings towards their enemy, the Muslims in which the kingdom brought them under Christian control (7). Therefore things were done against another cultures will.
During the voyages of discovery Spain wanted to accomplish conquering parts of Central American in which they succeeded in conquering the isthmus of the continent (164). They wanted to travel in their new world finding new ways of expression and living (). Parry discusses how Spain and Portugal had mixed societies and understood how to deal with other cultures and this also helped them adventure over seas (7). Spain controlled many parts of South and North America; although Europe knew a lot more about these continents the pacific coast of Asia and North America wasn’t much known about (1). The wealth of Spain made them the dominant country in Europe. Queen Isabella of Spain wanted to spread Christianity all over the world (6). Expanding the judicial system and economic growth from wool, and over seas expansion was also accomplishments made by the Spanish (, 7). Spanish treated natives understandably by trying to get everyone to be in the Christian faith, also European men married Indian wives; therefore their offspring would be of European dissent. And would bring their child up with pride to be this dissent. The natives who stayed in their villages and who didn’t carry out the European ways and tried to stick with their old ways had the worst of both worlds. Many natives lost much of their old culture. But not all carried out Spanish ways, but those who did were wealthy and comfortable as a landlords (5). Trans-Atlantic trade between Spain and Spanish America in the sixteenth century made highly developed societies of the East and was an asset of Europe, to pay for the imports the did ranching, mining, and produced good for sale in Europe (177, 178). In Spanish America the churches strived to teach Indians so they can be well educated and recruited to educate other natives (5). In the fifteenth century Parry discusses how Spain’s American monopoly affected European politics because they were told that they and other nations couldn’t trade and settle in unoccupied parts of America and this is what made people accept the judicial system (1).
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England and Spain weren’t enemies at this time, but Queen Elizabeth and the English wanted to make a peaceful trade with America. Parry discusses how Indies, Hawkins sets out for a slaving voyage, he brought slaves, some with Portuguese factors, and Queen Elizabeth didn’t want any part of it for they were the enemy. After a lot of negotiation he wasn’t able to sell the slaves and had to get them home. This made him wealthy and although the Queen had taken part of it all she did not make her participation public (18). After this Hawkins set out for a voyage for silver but not with great outcomes did it end, because the Spaniards found out and Queen Elizabeth was in it so she demanded him to return back to the Indies. Spain and England still remained at peace! After a while of convincing, Queen Elizabeth let Hawkins try for the last voyage attempt, since his ships were caught in bad weather it all ended in disaster. Hawkins didn’t end up getting in trouble with the Spanish colonies but instead in trouble with high officials who had to obey the law. And the Spanish captured three of the five Hawkin ships. Fortunately, in 1574 Spain and England reconciled. England treated natives fairly as you see how Queen Elizabeth was against slavery (18-5). England did not import slaves they mainly just trades with foreign colonies but also set up Navigation Act which lets trading continue even in the time of war. The English empire at the time represented themselves greatly since they were the only European colonial empire that played a big part since they were big on settling settlements with colonies (66).
During the Age of Reconnaissance Parry discusses the role of Portuguese and Dutch. Explaining briefly Portugal was equipped with good harbors and fish, and ships (0). Along with Spain Portugal had a mixed society that let them understand other cultures in a better way (7). Prince Henry of Portugal led voyages in which had pushed their ways onto Iberian culture (4). They were the first worldwide traders (11). The greatest Dutch effort discussed is the amount of sugar produced in Brazil for the rest of Europe. Dutch naval and economical strength also helped out settlements in France and England against the Spanish. In addition Dutch overtaxed resources that Spain needed from them (188). Portugal and Dutch effected things that were done in Europe and have brought some assets to some countries, although also some negatives to others.
Overall, the achievements of the Age of Reconnaissance included discovery of many territories that were once unknown to them, exploring seas that weren’t presently on maps. There were also achievements in science, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. They learned to understand beyond what they saw (1,). They even went to books from philosophers for help to help guide them () They advanced in technology, such as guns, navigation tools and things for their ships (116). Parry does a good job on discussing the discoveries of Europe and explaining the important of the Age of Reconnaissance.
Parry, J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of
California Press 16.
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