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More than a million immigrants come to the United States in the past few years. All immigrants are forced by the economic situation in their own country to leave. Forced to leave behind their love ones and help provide for them. In the following argument I will argue and try to explain that illegal immigrants are not harming America. How myths that immigrants come and take American jobs are not true. Also that they are not an economic burden.

Preserving America is where many have drawn the line behind which they stand. Americans who are fearful and angry, with unintended irony call themselves natives. As I see it the only people who were actual natives in America would be the Native Americans (Indians). America is an immigrant nation a nation of strangers. The United States after the English Settlers came became a world of immigration. People who where looking to start a new and better life. Now in present days anyone who does that is labeled as an illegal alien who comes only to milk the American system. Which is of course not true. Immigrants do not come here because they want to but because they have to. The need to survive and give a better life to their families is the only reason they are here. It is said that illegal immigrants take jobs away from American citizens. It is also said that they place a drain on the educational system and medical resources. Especially here in California where thousands of Mexicans cross the U.S., Mexican borders every year. Immigrants do not take jobs from American citizens. They are here to work the jobs that the

American citizen does not want. Jobs that are poorly paid, degrading and may I add backbreaking. Jobs that no American citizen with endless opportunities would ever take. I have seen first hand how hard these people work up to twelve hour shifts with two ten minute breaks and a half an hour lunch. And only to be paid a merely minimum wage. Not only do they work during the week but also on Saturdays and Sundays when those days should be spent with family. Many undocumented workers work under these conditions and they can not fight back because they need that job. Their families back home depend on that minimum to survive and live a better life. So it is no true that immigrants come over to put a drain in the system. Only Medicaid and limited food benefits are available to illegal immigrants and most do not even apply for these because they fear deportation by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. According to Urban Institute a nonpartisan research organization the local, state and federal Government spends about eleven point eight billion a year educating legal and illegal immigrant children. That’s about two hundred-sixteen billion less spent to educate all children. Illegal and legal immigrants pay more in taxes each year than they get in benefits.

With all of this we want them to leave the U.S. California for example is one of the states that has a big number of immigration per year. The state passed an anti-immigrant measure proposition that would supposedly save our state by denying public education, non-emergency health care and welfare to illegal immigrants. So you see illegals can not be draining the system because it is made so they can not benefit from them. Illegals are hard workers who use few government services. I believe that illegal immigration is given such a big importance because it is what gets politicians elected. Like proposition 187 the proposition that was supposed to help the state from such and economic burden by denying assistance was a promise made to get votes because before 187 illegal aliens were not even allowed government aid the immigration issue is exaggerated by tem. Television and magazines are also responsible for it as well. They draw so much attention to the issue and exaggerate its number that it is the reason immigration has become a national concern.




“Eight of 11 new comers to the United States each year enter legally. Those residing in the States illegally represent 1.5 percent of the population. In California where the debate is especially heated the undocumented immigrants comprise 4 percent of the state population”(Sharry84). I have met people who have just emigrated from their country to the United States. I have asked them what was the reason that they came to the United States in the first place. They answered that the economical situation at home forced them to find a better job and since the U.S. is a nation of opportunities they have come to be able to provide for their families. Of course not all immigrants come here to seek a job. Some come here seeking political protection. In their cases they are forced to leave because their lives are in danger. Another reason why Immigration is on the spotlight is because of race issues. America is so afraid to lose its identity that it will do what it has takes to try and regain it. People of America are afraid that the U.S. is being over runned by immigrants and that is not true. The Urban Institute says that 50,000 to 00,000 immigrants are coming in and staying each year. That is a small percentage if looked as the total population of the U.S. “Illegal immigrants are not here for a handout they come here and work hard”(Sharry87). Many of the immigrants that come to the U.S. are over 16 years of age. “ 86 percent of Mexican men are in the labor force, compared with only 75 percent of non- Hispanic whites”(Sharry87).

Maria and Pedro Vargas are two immigrants who came from Mexico two years ago. Maria works in a factory that packs and glues together books. Pedro works in a meat factory. They also have two children who were not born in the United States. Maria and Pedro sometimes have to pull longer shifts than the normal 8-hour shifts in these factories. Their children go to school but are out way before their parents are home. The Vargas pay an enormous rent for their one bedroom apartment. The rent is so high because landlords know they will not complain. Being illegal aliens the Vargas do not qualify for any of the money assisting programs that the government offers. Even though Maria and Pedro pay State and Federal taxes from their pay checks they have no health insurance or government help that they can qualify for. So it is unfair that we say that illegal immigrants are an economic burden. It is true that their children get and qualify for educational and meal programs but it is only a small percentage because most of the immigrants who come to the united Stated are adults.

The adults who do come and have children here I believe that their children are entitled to these programs because they are citizens.

Another part of this issue is the illegal immigrants that do get health care are abusing it. That is not true because they are actually being excluded from them. Many immigrants are not aware of the programs that there is and most do not even apply for them because they fear deportation. “Latinos represent . million of California’s approximately 6.4 million uninsured, it can be assumed that the number of undocumented workers who are denied access to health care in this country is much greater”(Velasco10).

It is not fair that these workers can not get insurance because most of them work in the agricultural businesses and are exposed to a lot of different types of pesticides. They face greater health risks than anyone else. Like I said before no American with their opportunities would ever come and work on these fields. I believe that America is built on the back of these undocumented workers and yet we accuse them of coming and taking our jobs and calling them an economic burden. I think it is a small price to pay for their hard intensive work. Illegal aliens are employed chiefly in low wage markets. The job searches of especially Mexican illegals benefit from their reputation as hard, reliable workers. Their reputation is known in a wide variety of low and middle wage employers.

Even though with all this people show sympathy for illegal immigrants, but they still impose that they learn English, get documented and work. “ Only 0 percent say immigrants take jobs away from citizens and 6 percent say the do work that citizens don’t necessarily want and that needs to be done”(Rayner7). States receive the taxes paid by immigrants from the federal government. “It is estimated that about two-thirds of the fax dollar paid by immigrants legal and undocumented go to the federal treasury, while most of the health, education and social service costs that are incurred are paid for by state and local governments”(Rayner8).



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Foil characters can be described as characters that contrast with one another. In the play “The Crucible,” by Arthur Miller, John Proctor and Reverend Hale are two foil characters that can surprisingly be compared and easily contrasted by thier good and bad aspects. In the play John Proctor was a proud farmer that was respected and also feared by people. Reverend Hales was man of honor and a witch hunter in Salem, Massachusetts. Both characters can be both similar in ways, but totally different in other views.

John Proctor played the role of the hero in the play. He was an honest man who just wanted the people to see the truth which was that there was never any witchcraft in the town of Salem and to stop the useless death that were accruing. Through his attempt to bring out justice to the town, Proctor came across two challenges that really showed his character in the play. He overcomes the first by his decision to testify against Abigail, despite his guilt and knowing the risks that came with the truth. His second conflict was whether to sign a false confession and save his life. His decision to choose self-sacrifice and not go through with lying to his friends and neighbors, shows both that he is the hero of the play and his morals in the type of person he was. As well as Proctor having good morals, Reverend Hale also had some good aspects in the play.

Reverend Hale was also a good man in some ways. He was witch hunter that just wanted to save the people of Salem from witchcraft. Later in the play he comes to his senses and tries to save more people that were being accused of witchcraft, like Proctor was at the end of the story. After he becomes aware of Abigails, Parris, and Hathornes hidden agendas, he begins to question the validity of the trials, in which he acts as a judge. He quiets the court for the truth and because he didn’t want to be part of the many lies that send people to their deaths. This was what really showed that in so ways he really did have good morals. Even though both Proctor and Hale have good aspects they are also known to have bad aspects in the play.

From the beginning of the play, Proctor and Hale showed their bad aspects. The play starts with Proctor just ending his affair with Abigail wounding his loyalty with his wife, Elizabeth. This event in the play was what scarded Proctor’s character through out the whole play. Hale was sent by Reverend Parris in the beginning of the play to investigate witchcraft with some girls that were dancing in the forest. After witnessing the strange occurrence that was happening to some of the girls, he was blinded by the lies of witchcraft and became a follower of those who accused the town’s people of it. For example, he knew that Rebecca was some how innocent and still arrested her to really just save his own life in a way. Reverent Hale did change his ways, but also says that it is ok to lie to save your life. This shows Hale’s character is selfish and that he would do anything to save his life even if it is wrong.




Both John Proctor and Reverend Hale are foil characters that can be compared to find the motives of each other. What really made the easily compared were their good and bad aspects through out the play. From Proctor becoming the hero in the play, to Hale changing his ideas of witchcraft can show the difference between the two. Both characters are needed to reflect on each other, making them characters with great importance in the play.



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On first observation of the subject in question, Willy walked into my room a nervous, tired old man who had clearly entered the first stages of clinical depression and was near breaking point, mentally and physically. His weary limbs crashed onto my chair as if he had not rested in days.

He said that he had been working hard for the good of his family and said he was the one who people came to if they needed something in New England. His appearance told a different story though and it was quite clear that his optimism was merely a mask for a hidden agenda that he clearly did not want to reveal to me.

With further examination, I have come to realise Willy Loman is like an oyster; full of interesting issues waiting to be discussed, but always clams up when asked about more sensitive topics, such as his family and his overall status. From his notes, I am told he has two sons in their early thirties and a wife, Linda.




The eldest son Biff, is currently a farm labourer of sorts and was allegedly looked down upon by his father because of this job he undertook. When I confronted Willy about this, he seemed cold and spiteful about Biff at first, but when we tried to move onto the next subject, he immediately contradicted himself from what he said a few seconds ago and praised Biff for being a hard worker and not being lazy. This may depict a man, unsure of his own judgement and possibly someone who was willing to change his own opinion for the benefit of others.

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It can be said that the term ‘human resources management’ became popular in the UK at the latter half of the eighties and at the beginning of the nineties. It has been applied to a diverse range of management strategies and has sometimes been used simply as a more modern term for personnel, employee or industrial relations.

It’s importance lies in its association with a strategic, integrated and highly distinctive managerial approach to the management of the people. The distinctiveness lies in labour being seen as an asset and resource and not as a cost. The strategy is to try to develop this resource to it’s maximum so that emphasis is on the individual employee and on his/her motivation, training and development.

Human Resources Management is defined as proactive rather than reactive, system-wide rather than fragmentary, treats labour as social capital rather than as a variable cost, is goal-oriented rather than relationship oriented, and ultimately is based on commitment rather than compliance.

The key themes upon which Human Resources Management is based include Human Relations psychology, Strategic Management theory, and the doctrines of quality and flexibility. The relative emphasis that is accorded to each of these themes can give rise to different ‘variants’ of Human Resources Management. In particular, it is possible to identify two extreme positions. These are Instrumental and Humanistic. Instrumental approaches draw upon the rational-outcome model of strategic management to view Human Resources Management as something which is driven by and derived directly from corporate, divisional or business level strategy, and geared almost exclusively to enhancing competitive advantage. Humanistic approaches, on the other hand, utilise ‘process’ theory to emphasise the reciprocal nature of the relationship between strategic management and Human Resources Management and the latter’s role in ensuring that competitive advantage is achieved through people but not necessarily at their expense.




One positive consequence of several new approaches to human resourcing has been to force managers to address the basic concepts and values that they routinely use in the evaluation of personnel processes, thereby encouraging a clearer understanding of the overall human resource system. Such an understanding is closely linked to the success with which the performance of human resources can be evaluated. Such evaluation has tended to take two forms a concern with systems of performance management, and the use of flexible working patterns and organisational structures.

However Human Resources Management is not perfect when you ponder on the point of view of the business goals and interests. It’s extremely hard for a company to achieve maximum profits and efficiency if it takes too much at heart the wellbeing and interests of its employees. This problem can be defined as an ‘integration’ issue where we distinguish the external fit of Human Resources Management with the organisation’s broader business view and the internal consistency of the policy goals of Human Resources Management itself. This is particularly problematic in highly competitive or recessionary conditions where the needs of the business are likely to undermine any internal Human Resources Management issues. For example, if shedding of labour should occur this would challenge, if not destroy, an organisation’s Human Resources Management image of caring for the needs and security of it’s employees.

The fundamental problem with Human Resources Management is that in most cases Human Resources issues are subordinate and secondary to business strategy. It is not simply that the search for profit overrides the policy goals of Human Resources Management, but arguably that Human Resources Management is pursued only in the belief that by raising employee’s commitment, flexibility and quality of their work the bottom line will be improved.

The contradictions within Human Resources Management are most apparent at the level of actual practices, with simultaneous advocacy of workforce attributes such as individualism and teamwork, commitment to a job and flexibility and development of a strong culture and adaptability. In identifying the tension between individualism and teamwork, for example, what these cases demonstrate is the need for a redefinition of Human Resources Management, for despite any surface similarity with the textbook checklists of Human Resources Management policies these cases could certainly not be described as operating a form of ‘development humanism’. The internal contradictions, which plagued Human Resources Management, are well illustrated by the issue of employee commitment. For proponents of Human Resources Management, commitment represents a key dimension because it’s sometimes assumed that highly committed workers are more productive.

Conflicts are apparent too where organisations have attempted to introduce more flexible working arrangements and performance-related pay. The problems with flexibility began partly from the tensions between different sources of flexibility. While soft forms of Human Resources Management encourage employee development through the learning of a broader range of skills, hard forms of Human Resources Management advocate the securing of greater variability in the volume of labour, therefore providing management with greater scope to match labour input to demand fluctuations. In addition, however, conflicts exist within each of the major sources of flexibility. For example, the danger exists of securing high levels of functional flexibility at the cost of other organisational objectives such as stability, continuity and cohesion. Likewise forms of numerical flexibility potentially clash not only with the objective of securing employee commitment but also with establishing and sustaining high quality output and group cohesion.

Performance-related pay, to emphasise the more purposeful and ‘object achieving’ focus of Human Resources Management, would seem not only to have failed to yield high levels of commitment in many organisations, but also to have perpetuated a longstanding tradition in wage and salary administration of ‘muddling through’. While a strategy for reward may need to be part of a wider human resources development strategy, reward in itself is not sufficient to promote human resource contributions to corporate improvement. More importantly, however, individual reward systems could well act to undermine co-operation, teamwork and even individual motivation. And these are all key elements of Human Resources Management.

These and other conflicts and contradictions evidenced by the different contributions underline the problematic status of Human Resources Management as a coherent concept. Rather than seeing this as an excuse for abandoning the notion of Human Resources Management altogether, however, the evidence presented would seem to support a more careful circumscribing of Human Resources Management, and a clearer definition of its status as a set of management practices. In doing so, the relationship between Human Resources Management and the longstanding core issues of labour management like issues of power, control, conflict, resistance, dependence, consent, etc. Human Resources Management is one of a series of approaches management may take to secure the levels of compliance and co-operation it requires. Different sets of circumstances will influence the adoption of one approach over others, while changing circumstances will encourage a shift from one to another and possibly the creation of new practices and approaches.

The central objective of Human Resources Management policy is to secure the commitment of employees to innovation and commitment of employees to innovation and continual improvement of product quality. Some measures of employment security and considerable investment in training and development are seen as essential supports for management effort in this area. Equally, the recruitment and retention of competent and committed staff is supported by competitive pay and reward structures which are perceived as fair. At the level of the workplace, these strategies require significant change in management behaviour. The crude assertion of managerial prerogative, associated with short-term low-cost approaches, is eschewed in favour of employee involvement in problem solving and fostering of a climate of operation and trust.

Human Resources Management has been dependent upon the changing economic circumstances of the past decade. It grew in the boom of the last half of the past decade, when attachment, commitment and development were the watchwords. It faced it’s sternest test in the severe recession of the first half of the nineties with its emphasis on restructuring, downsizing and a big reduction in both employee and managerial confidence in the prospects for renewed growth. For this reason Human Resources Management is now tinged with suspicion and a certain hostility as to its role in organisations. The difficulty for Human Resources Management is to establish its credentials as a central part of employee management in economic conditions that make the expansionary and development aspects of the approach extremely difficult to sustain.

While Human Resources Management has proved possible for traditionally conceived industrial relations and personnel management procedures to have endured economic cycles, even though the managerial strategies underlying them reflected the realities of the labour market, Human Resources Management has still to demonstrate that it has the robustness to move beyond generalised managerial prescriptions as a sustainable model of management. In this sense, this decade will be the testing ground for the idea of Human Resources Management as a consistent and integrated approach, as opposed to a fragmented and opportunistic set of interventions.

Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Michael Salamon

Reassessing Human Resource Management, P. Blyton and P. Turnbull

Principles of Human Resource Management, David Gloss

A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, O. Aikin

Personnel Management HRM in action, D. Torrington and L. Hall

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Karma kicks asses.

Oh my, impregnated at such a young age - well aint that a bitch. Even still, its funny to think just how insane things work out. Youre suffering the exact same emotions of what you hoped i would suffer myself. (IE heartbreak, anger, regret, PAIN). Proving, irony is only for bitches and fucks - take this as a lesson. On second thought, I take that back - dont take this as a lesson. I hope you suffer like this again. Itd be far more sweeter than kissing my ass, wouldnt you agree? Not to say Id actually allow you such satisfaction . . but you get the picture.

So you would you like to explain yourself, now. Coincidently, after the fact that every aspect of your plan failed miserably. You thought you had me right where to wanted me. Thought everything was running along smoothy, running straight in the bag. Hahaha, I laugh at that mess! I guess youre proven wrong. Shows you that actions, such as that of which you took, go unrewarded. Punished even, for that matter. You should have left things as they were, kept your mouth shut then maybe I would have stopped to listen for at least a second as you came on your knees to grovel.

But then again, leaving you on your ass seems like pay enough for my work. Have a nice life baring the offspring of a dirty one-night stand. Maybe you dont deserve it, but who am i to even give a shit about what you do (or who you do, or what you did). I sure as FUCK aint you, right?




I wonder why those words sound so familiar.



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Table of Contents

1 Introduction Australian Economy

1.1 Real Gross Domestic Product

1. Inflation




1. Employment

1.4 Current Account

1.5 Exchange Rate

Monetary Policy 5

.1 Objectives of Monetary Policies 6

. Demand for Money 8

. Supply of Money 10

.4 Money Equilibrium 11

.5 Effects of Money Supply (Demand) 11

.6 Keynesians Vs Monetarists 1

Monetary Policy Framework 16

4 Monetary Policy Implementation 18

5 Open Market Operations 1

6 Fractional Reserves

References 5



1 Introduction Australian Economy

The Australian economy strengthened as 001 progressed, in sharp contrast to the weakening seen in most of the rest of the world. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 4. percent through the year to the December quarter 001. Unemployment remained low and signs of improvement were visible in the December quarter 001, while ongoing inflation remained within the Reserve Bank of Australia’s target range over 001. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)

1.1 Real Gross Domestic Product

Real GDP increased .6 percent in 001 (in year average terms) following growth of .1 percent in 000. The slowing in the rate of growth in the first half of 001 reflected the abatement of transitory factors such as the Sydney Olympics stimulus and the introduction of The New Tax System (TNTS). In the second half of 001 Australia’s growth rebounded strongly, despite weakness in the world economy. Nonetheless, over 001 Australia was one of the strongest developed economies. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)

1. Inflation

The Australian Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by .1 percent through the year to the December quarter 001. Various one-off factors added to inflation over that period. The price of meat, seafood, fruit and vegetables increased substantially through the year. In addition, some price effects have resulted from the events of September 11, the collapse of a major Australian insurance firm (HIH) and the second largest Australian airline (Ansett). These upwards price movements were offset somewhat by a significant decline in petrol prices over the year due to a fall in global oil prices. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)

1. Employment

Employment grew by 1.0 percent in 001, while the unemployment rate increased steadily over most of the year to peak at 7.0 per cent in October 001, before declining slightly to 6.7 percent in December 001.

Wages, as measured by average weekly ordinary-time earnings for full-time working adults and average weekly earnings (all employees), rose 5.7 percent through the year to the December quarter 001. In contrast, the wage cost index rose by .4 percent through the year to the December quarter 001. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)

1.4 Current Account

The current account deficit fell to A$17.7 billion or .6 percent of GDP in 001, down from A$6. billion or 4.0 percent of GDP in 000.

Exports at current prices increased 8.5 percent in 001, while export volumes increased 0.76 percent in 001. Imports increased 1. percent at current prices in 001, while import volumes fell 4.6 percent in 001. The terms of trade increased 1.6 percent in 001, following a 5.4 percent rise in 000. The trade balance improved by A$10. billion in 001 to record a trade surplus of A$. billion. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)

1.5 Exchange Rate

Since 18, Australia has had a floating exchange rate. The Reserve Bank of Australia may undertake foreign exchange market operations when the market threatens to become excessively volatile or when the exchange rate is clearly inconsistent with underlying economic fundamentals. These operations are invariably aimed at stabilizing market conditions rather than meeting exchange rate targets.

During 001, the Australian dollar appreciated (in nominal terms) 4. percent against the Japanese yen. It depreciated 8.5 percent against the US dollar and . percent against the euro. The Australian dollar also fell against the currencies of Australia’s other major trading partners, which contributed to a .1 percent fall in the trade-weighted index. The exchange rate depreciation in 001 improved Australia’s international price competitiveness, cushioning the adverse effect of the global downturn on economic activity. (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 00)



Monetary Policy

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy. The Boards obligations with respect to monetary policy are laid out in the Reserve Bank Act. Section 10() of the Act, which is often referred to as the Banks charter, says

It is the duty of the Reserve Bank Board, within the limits of its powers, to ensure that the monetary and banking policy of the Bank is directed to the greatest advantage of the people of Australia and that the powers of the Bank ... are exercised in such a manner as, in the opinion of the Reserve Bank Board, will best contribute to

(a) the stability of the currency of Australia;

(b) the maintenance of full employment in Australia; and

(c) the economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia.

Since 1, these objectives have found practical expression in a target for consumer price inflation, of - per cent per annum. Monetary policy aims to achieve this over the medium term and, subject to that, to encourage the strong and sustainable growth in the economy. Controlling inflation preserves the value of money. In the long run, this is the principal way in which monetary policy can help to form a sound basis for long-term growth in the economy.

Monetary policy decisions involve setting the interest rate on overnight loans in the money market. Other interest rates in the economy are influenced by this interest rate to varying degrees, so that the behavior of borrowers and lenders in the financial markets is affected by monetary policy (though not only by monetary policy). Through these channels, monetary policy affects the economy in pursuit of the goals outlined above. (http//www.rba.gov.au/MonetaryPolicy/about_monetary_policy.html, 00)

.1 Objectives of Monetary Policies

In Australia, the objectives of monetary policy are formally established in the Reserve Bank Act (15). This sets out three objectives

· The stability of the currency of Australia;

· Maintenance of full employment in Australia; and

· The economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia.

The first of these, the stability of the currency, is generally interpreted to mean price stability; that is, a stable value of the Australian dollar in terms of its purchasing power over goods and services. An important development in recent years is that this objective, and its relationship to the other two, has been made more explicit with the adoption of the Banks inflation target. This has been included in the Banks public statements for a number of years and was formally set out in the Statement on the Conduct of Monetary Policy, issued by the Treasurer and Reserve Bank Governor in August 16 and updated in July 00.

There are a couple of important points to note about the operational meaning of the inflation target and its relation to the other objectives. First, unlike the specifications in some other countries, Australias inflation target is not thought of as a hard-edged band within which the inflation rate is to be confined in every period. The edges of the band are not like an electric fence that triggers sudden dramatic action only when the edges are reached. Rather, the target band is an expression of the average to be achieved over a period of years. As such, there is sufficient flexibility for policy to take account of short-run developments in employment and economic growth. In other words, there is some scope for policy to play a role in stabilizing short-run business cycle fluctuations. In the longer run, as the statement sets out, the main contribution that monetary policy can make to growth and prosperity is to keep inflation low.

The second point concerns the measurement and definition of inflation. The initial formulation referred to underlying inflation, but following changes to the construction of the CPI in 18 it was agreed between the Bank and the Treasurer to focus on the headline CPI. This did not entail any change in the practical operation of policy, but was designed to make the inflation objective clearer to the public. Over time, measures of underlying inflation and the CPI move closely together, though the headline CPI is more volatile (Graph 1) as it is more affected by temporary factors, such as changes in petrol prices. The medium-term focus of the inflation target provides the Bank with the flexibility to look through temporary fluctuations in the CPI.



. Demand for Money

The demand for money refers to the desire to hold money to keep wealth in the form of money, rather than spending it on goods and services. It is usually to distinguish three reasons why people want to hold their assets in form of money. (J. Sloman, 000)

· Transaction Motive � Money is the medium of exchange required for conducting transactions and people are required to hold balances of money in cash or in sight accounts.

· Precautionary Motive � Individuals will hold additional money as a precaution to unforeseen circumstances.

· Speculative or Assets Motive � Certain firms and individual who speculate in bonds and shares will hold idle money in expectation that the prices of bonds and shares may fall. Money when used for this purpose is a means of temporarily storing wealth.

The transactions plus precautionary demand for money is termed L1, in graph . ‘L’ stands for liquidity preference, which is the desire to hold assets in liquid form. Money balances held for these two purposes are called active balances. The frequency people are paid, effects L1, the less frequent they are paid, the greater level of money balances they will hold.

The rate of interest also affects L1. At high interest rates, people will spend less and save more of their income. The effect is likely to be bigger on the precautionary demand where high interest rates may encourage people to risk tying up their money. The elasticity of L1 with respect to changes in the interest rates will also depend on how money is defined. A rise in the interest rates may encourage people to switch from holding cash to keeping more money in interest bearing accounts. (J. Sloman, 000)

The speculative demand for money is termed, L, in graph . Money balances held fro these purposes are called idle balances. The major determinant of L is expectations of changes in the earning potential of securities and other assets. The greater the earning potential for non-money assets, the less will be the demand for money. (J. Sloman, 000)

Graph 4 shows the total demand for money balances, L, plotted against the rate of interest. The curve is known as the liquidity preferences curve. Any factor, other than the change in interest rates, that causes the demand for money to rise will shift the L curve to the right. (J. Sloman, 000)

. Supply of Money

In graph 5, the money supply is exogenous. It is assume to be determined by the government by its choice of the level and method of financing the PSBR. Keynesians assumes that higher interest rates will lead to higher levels of money supply as shown in graph 6. The reasoning is that

· Increase in supply may occur as a result of banks expanding credit in response to the demand for credit. Higher demand fro credit will drive up interest rates, making it more profitable fro banks to supply more credit.

· Higher interest rates may encourage depositors to switch their deposits from low interest accounts to higher interest paid accounts. Money is less likely to be redrawn and banks may hold less liquidity and decide to increase credit, thus increasing the money supply.

· Foreign investors may be attracted by high interest rates thus increasing the supply.

.4 Money Equilibrium

Equilibrium in the money market will be where the demand fro money, L, is equal to the supply of money, Ms. This equilibrium will be achieved through changes in the rate of interest and exchange rate. In graph 7, equilibrium is achieved with a rate of interest, re, and quantity of money, Me. If the rate of interest were above re, people would have money balances surplus to their needs. (J. Sloman, 000)

A shift in either Ms or L, will lead to a new equilibrium quantity of money and interest rates at a new intersection of the curves. In practice, there is no one single rate of interest. Different assets have different interest rates. Equilibrium in the money market therefore will be first where the total demand and supply of money are equal. This is achieved by adjusting the average interest rate. (J. Sloman, 000)

.5 Effects of Money Supply (Demand)

Changes in money supply or demand will affect national income via changes in interest rates in a three-stage process. In graph 8, a rise in money supply (Ms) will lead to a fall in interest rate, (r) This is necessary to restore equilibrium in the money market.

In graph , the fall in r, will lead to a rise in investment and other forms of burrowing, (I). Since burrowing money will be cheaper and investments will costs less.

In graph 10, the rise in investment will lead to a multiplied rise in national income (Y) and aggregate demand. (J. Sloman, 000)

Equilibrium in the money market is where the supply and demand for money is equal. It can be achieved by changes in the interest rates. The interest rates transmission mechanism works by Rise in money supply causes money supply to exceed demand, interests will fall, and investments will increase and in turn will cause a multiplied rise in national income. However as national income rises, the transactions demand for money will rise and preventing large fall in interest rates. (J. Sloman, 000)

.6 Keynesians Vs Monetarists

In Australia, with floating exchange rates, for which policy is guided by domestic economic objectives, monetary policy could be described as the management of short-term interest rates by central banks in pursuit of the domestic policy objectives, usually defined in terms of inflation and economic growth.

There are certainly some differences in the way the objectives are formulated, but these are more variations on a theme than fundamental differences of approach. (http//www.rba.gov.au/Education/monetary_policy.html, 00)

Monetary policy is the subject of a lively controversy between two schools of economics, monetarist and Keynesian. Although they agree on goals, they disagree sharply on priorities, strategies, targets, and tactics.

The goals of monetary policy as agreed by both monetarist and Keynesian are

First, no business cycles, instead, production�as measured by real (inflation-corrected) gross national product�would grow steadily, in step with the capacity of the economy and its labor force.

Second, a stable and low rate of price inflation, preferably zero.

Third, the highest rates of capacity utilization and employment that is consistent with a stable trend of prices.

Fourth, high trend growth of productivity and real GNP per worker.

Monetary policies are demand-side macroeconomic policies. They work by stimulating or discouraging spending on goods and services. Economy-wide recessions and booms reflect fluctuations in aggregate demand rather than in the economys productive capacity. Monetary policy tries to damp, perhaps even eliminate, those fluctuations. It is not a supply-side instrument. Central banks have no handle on productivity and real economic growth.

The second and third goals frequently conflict. Should policymakers give priority to price stability or to full employment? American and European monetary policies differed dramatically after the deep 181-8 recessions. The Fed fine-tuned a six-year recovery and recouped the employment and production lost in the 17-8 downturns. Keeping a watchful eye on employment and output, and on wages and prices, the Fed stepped on the gas when the economic engine faltered and on the brakes when it threatened to overheat. During this catch-up recovery the economy grew at a faster rate than it could sustain thereafter. The Fed sought to slow its growth to a sustainable pace as full employment was restored.

Expansionary monetary policy, both agree, increases aggregate spending on goods and services�by consumers, businesses, governments, and foreigners. However, will these new demands raise output and employment? Or will they just raise prices and speed up inflation?

Keynesians say the answers depend on circumstances. Full employment means that everyone (allowing for persons between jobs) who is productive enough to be worth the prevailing real wage and wants a job at that wage is employed. In these circumstances more spending just brings inflation. Frequently, however, qualified willing workers are involuntarily unemployed; there is no demand for the products they would produce. More spending will put them to work. Competition from firms with excess capacity and from idle workers will keep extra spending from igniting inflation. (Tobin, 00)

Monetarists answer that natures remedy for excess supply in any market is price reduction. If wages do not adjust to unemployment, either government and union regulations are keeping them artificially high or the jobless prefer leisure and/or unemployment compensation to work at prevailing wages. Either way, the problem is not remediable by monetary policy. Injections of new spending would be futile and inflationary. (Tobin, 00)

Keynesian Monetarist

Money stored as wealth. Financial institution is not a good substitute.

Speculative demand for money is dominant. Speculative demand for money is insignificant.

By changing supply of money, interest rates do not change much. By reducing small supply of money, interest rates will change drastically.



Monetary Policy Framework

The Governor and the Treasurer of Australia agreed that the appropriate target for monetary policy is to achieve an inflation rate of - per cent on average, over the cycle, a rate sufficiently low that it does not materially distort economic decisions in the community. The inflation target is thus the centerpiece of the monetary policy framework. It provides discipline for monetary policy decision-making, and serves as an anchor for private sector inflation expectations.



The inflation target is defined as a medium-term average rather than as a hard-edged target band within which inflation is to be held at all times. This formulation allows for the inevitable uncertainties that are involved in forecasting, and lags in the effects of monetary policy on the economy. Experience in Australia and elsewhere has shown that inflation is not amenable to fine-tuning within a narrow band. The inflation target is, necessarily, forward-looking, as evidenced by the operation of monetary policy since its introduction. This approach allows a role for monetary policy in dampening the fluctuations in output over the course of the business cycle. When aggregate demand in the economy is weak, for example, inflationary pressures are likely to be diminishing and monetary policy can be eased, which will give a short-term stimulus to economic activity. (http//www.rba.gov.au/MonetaryPolicy/about_monetary_policy.html, 00)



4 Monetary Policy Implementation

Banks Domestic Markets Department has the task of maintaining conditions in the money market so as to keep the cash rate at or near an operating target decided by the Board. The cash rate is the rate charged on overnight loans between financial intermediaries. It has a powerful influence on other interest rates and forms the base on which the structure of interest rates in the economy is built. The close relationship between the cash rate and other money market interest rates can be seen in Diagram . Changes in monetary policy mean a change in the operating target for the cash rate, and hence a shift in the interest rate structure prevailing in the financial system.

The Reserve Bank Boards decision to change interest rates is announced in a media release, which states the new target for the cash rate, together with the reasons why the Board has taken the decision to change it.



The Reserve Bank uses its domestic market operations (sometimes called open market operations) to influence the cash rate. On the days when monetary policy is being changed, market operations are aimed at moving the cash rate to the new target level. Between changes in policy, the focus of market operations is on keeping the cash rate close to the target, by managing the supply of funds available to banks in the money market.



The cash rate is determined in the money market as a result of the interaction of demand for and supply of overnight funds. The Reserve Banks ability to pursue successfully a target for the cash rate stems from its control over the supply of funds which banks use to settle transactions among themselves. These are called exchange settlement funds, after the accounts at the Reserve Bank in which banks hold these funds.

If the Reserve Bank supplies more exchange settlement funds than the commercial banks wish to hold, the banks will try to shed funds by lending more in the cash market, resulting in a tendency for the cash rate to fall. Conversely, if the Reserve Bank supplies less than banks wish to hold, they will respond by trying to borrow more in the cash market to build up their holdings of exchange settlement funds; in the process, they will bid up the cash rate. The actual level of the cash rate, which results from the Reserve Banks market operations, as well as the target rate are shown in Diagram .

(http//www.rba.gov.au/MonetaryPolicy/about_monetary_policy.html, 00)



5 Open Market Operations

The RBAs open market operations are designed to ensure that the actual cash rate remains close to the target rate. On a day-to-day basis, deviations in the cash rate around the target are determined by the supply and demand for exchange settlement (ES) funds. These funds are held in accounts at the RBA by banks as well as a number of other institutions, and are used by these account holders to meet their settlement obligations to each other and to the RBA. The daily aggregate net settlement obligation between ESA holders and the RBA can be very large. This is mostly because the RBA acts as banker to the Commonwealth. Expenditure by the Commonwealth results in funds flowing into ES accounts, while the payment of federal taxes has the opposite effect. Similarly, purchases of Commonwealth Government Securities (CGS) from the Government by investors reduce ES balances while redemptions of such securities increase ES balances. The daily aggregate net settlement obligation between ESA holders and the RBA also reflects transactions by the RBAs other customers (mostly other official institutions) and by the RBA itself. The latter include the purchase of currency notes by banks from the RBA (which reduce ES balances) and transactions undertaken by the RBA with market participants (including the unwind of repurchase agreements � see below � arising from previous operations).

The RBAs domestic market operations determine the aggregate supply of ES funds and are designed to ensure that supply equals demand at the target cash rate. If the supply is too high, holders of ES funds will wish to lend their excess funds in the overnight market, putting downward pressure on the cash rate. If the supply is too low, they will wish to borrow, putting upward pressure on the rate. The RBAs open market operations, together with other elements of the framework used for the implementation of monetary policy in Australia, have proved very effective when measured by the stability of the cash rate around the target. Over the 00/0, the average absolute deviation of the cash rate from its target was less than one basis point.



Despite the broadening of the range of domestic securities in which the RBA is willing to deal, the strong growth in the RBAs balance sheet coupled with greater seasonal concentration of flows between the RBA and the private sector has meant that the RBA has had to augment its open market operations with foreign exchange swaps. Such transactions may be unwound within a very short period or rolled forward on a short-term basis.



6 Fractional Reserves

Commercial banks are required to keep a proportion of their deposits as reserves. The RBA has the power to change reserve requirements on bank deposits within legislatively set bounds. Superficially, reserves are required for safety, to meet emergency cash needs. However, safety is not the motivation for reserve requirements. Requires commercial bank reserves on deposit at the RBA, allows RBA to control the money supply and related monetary conditions by changing reserve requirements.

If reserve requirements were to be reduced, the excess in commercial banks would most likely be lent out and will reduce interest rates, supply of money will also increase and level of economy can be stimulated. A curious aspect of fractional reserves system is that every dollar of excess reserves can create more the 1 dollar change in the money supply.



Any interjection of reserves into the banking system has a multiple impact upon the money supply. The RBA must factor this multiple into its calculations when implementing monetary policies. Estimating this multiple is imprecise because of the unknowns and will add to the difficulty of implementing policies. (M. Livingston, 1)





References

1 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, “Economic Report Australia”, Economic Outlook, 00, http//apecsun.apecsec.org.sg/member/memberecreport/aus.html

00, http//www.rba.gov.au/MonetaryPolicy/about_monetary_policy.html

Tobin, J. “The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 00, http//www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MonetaryPolicy.html

4 Sloman, John. “Economics”, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 000

5 Livingston, Miles. “Money and Capital Market”, nd. Edition. Kolb Publishing Company, 1.



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Is there ever an instance where you feel that an employer should be held liable for murder in the death of an employee? Yes, it is the right of the employee to have a safe and healthy working environment. Employers like employees have rules, regulations, and/or guidelines mandating their adherence and if not followed may result in damage, injury, or death. Negligence on behalf of an employer is still a criminal act, and should be dealt with as such. Employers have a duty to uphold and responsibility to their employees well being and if they do not are held accountable.



In today’s workplace, every employee has the right to expect a safe and healthy environment and it is the duty of the employer to provide. Organization such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have a mission to save lives, prevent injuries and protect the health of Americas workers. To accomplish this, federal and state governments must work in partnership with the more than 100 million working men and women and their six and a half million employers who are covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 170 . Over the years, industry progress has used human lives as a price for their success. No person should accept a job-related accident or illness as status quo. OSHA enables employers and employees comprehend a basic understanding of the fundamentals of workplace safety, which is necessary for those involved in industry today. This understanding of regulations is the first step toward promoting a safe workplace as well as having guidelines both employer and employee must obey.

Companies or corporation do not make willful act against its employees, but specific persons, sometimes their capacity as representatives of disembodied corporations, can be held accountable for a preventable and predictable event. Employers of industry companies have rules and regulations to follow in day-to-day business; these rules established for the greater good of the company. History shows that certain workplace fatality issues are preventable due to cutting corners on safety, which is why I believe negligence of employers resulting in death is murder or manslaughter. If the head of a construction site willfully ignores safety issues and continues to allow his employees to work in such conditions, he is responsible for any events that may take place. Guidelines, regulations, procedures, and/or operating instructions all set in place to assist in preventing such misfortune, and to freely disregard these rules for sake of getting a job done quicker or at less cost is a morale decision someone is prepared to make at the sacrifice of lives.




Negligence on behalf of an employer is the same as negligence of a person driving an automobile; it is a criminal act punishable by the law. He driver did not intend to kill anyone and is horrified that his or her recklessness has resulted in the death of another human being. Like the drunk behind the wheel, corporations generally do not intend to kill people. Yet, they kill people with their reckless actions. Moreover, the majority of in driving cases, individuals will be prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter in drunk driving death cases, in the majority of corporate cases; corporations are not prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter when people die because of their recklessness. Negligence is negligence, whether individual or corporate, someone needs to be held responsible for such actions.

Employees of corporations have the right to work in safe and healthy atmospheres. Organizations like OSHA establish guidelines to prevent injuries and protect the health of these employees. It is when corporations’ neglect established regulations that a criminal act is willfully committed on their behalf. Corporations, employers, and employees all have a duty to one another to uphold and if not held accountable for their actions, then corporation will continue to get away with murder.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration; http//www.osha.gov/oshinfo/mission.html

“When does a worker’s death become murder”? American Journal of Public Health Washington; Apr 000; David Rosner.

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What is love? When looking up this word in Webster’s Dictionary several definitions are used to describe this profound word. Love can be “a strong affection, a warm attachment, an attraction based on sexual desire, a beloved person, and an unselfishly loyal and benevolent concern for others.” Love is a very diverse topic, as discovered in the short story by Raymond Carver, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. The characters within this short story argue that love is spiritual, painstaking, a feeling to describe someone whom one enjoys being around, a way to describe a feeling that never lasts forever, and a feeling that causes one to die without their loved one. Love is a feeling so strong that it molds us into our very being.

Mel Mc Ginnis, a character from the short story, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, believes that love is “nothing less than spiritual love.” Mel had drawn this conclusion from information he had gathered while attending a seminary before going to Medical school. These were, as he said, the most “important years of his life”, and therefore had a strong influence on his opinions. However, Mel’s belief of the meaning of love is different from that of his second wife, Terri’s.

Terri’s conviction about love was different from her friend’s sitting around the table and drinking gin and tonic. She had fabricated her opinion based on her experiences with her ex boyfriend, Ed. Love is painstaking. Terri told her friends that Ed had loved her so much that he “tried to kill her.” When describing a memory, Terri tells her friends how Ed pulled her by her ankles while saying, “I love you, I love you, you Bitch!” Terri says that Ed truly loved her, and she knew this because his reaction to love caused pain. Love “was there” she argued to Mel when he had refused to believe her. Her friends, however, had other outlooks about love.




Ray Carver believes that love is absolute. While he watched his friend’s argue about this subject, he affectionately caressed his wife, Laura’s hand. He silently thought of his and Laura’s relationship. “In addition to being in love,” he profoundly thought, “We like each other and enjoy one another’s company.” This was Ray’s beautiful way of describing what love is. Once again Mel took his turn in speaking during the argument.

Whether it was the gin and tonic Mel had been drinking that caused him to create a myth about love, or maybe a few inside beliefs that finally showed themselves due to the alcohol, in either case, Mel told his friends a new theory about love. What if love was a word to describe a short feeling for someone/ something until someone/ something better came along, thus leaving the old “love” categorized in our minds as a memory? “What happened to the “love” that once existed for the other people?” Mel asks his drunken friends. “I must have loved my first wife too,” he declared, “and now I hate her guts.” What if love isn’t as strong as we make it out to be?

Next, Mel describes to his friends a powerful form of love. He tells a story about an old couple terribly wounded in a car accident by a young drunken boy. Somehow, the couple amazingly lived through the severe injuries the car accident caused them to have. Then, Mel told them that the old man and his wife were bandaged from head-to- toe. Being in better condition than his wife, the old man fell into a deep depression because he was unable to turn his head and look at his wife. “I’m telling you,” Mel said to his friends, “the man’s heart was breaking because he couldn’t turn his goddamn head and see his goddamn wife.” Mel’s story reveals the power about what true love can do to us.

In conclusion, the characters of the story What We Talk About When We Talk About Love had all decided that love could be shown whether it is in a spiritual, painstaking, an absolute form, or an effect that causes us to feel lonely without our loved ones. Love may not even be true at all as Mel Mc Ginnis has observed. Or, maybe there is no real definition for the word love since Ray Carver never concludes about what love truly is. However, I truly believe that love exists, and I know it does because I have lived indefinable experiences that I would call “love.” Love is a beautiful way of describing a magical feeling we, as humans, discover when meeting a special someone or something in our life. Love is a feeling that lasts forever and can never be taken away from us or categorized into a simple memory. Love can make one feel endless happiness and become full of life. If the person we had once loved were ever to pass away, if this love were true, the person would never forget their lover even if they discovered another that they had come to love. I do not agree with Mel or Terri about love being shown through abuse, or thinking that love may not have a truthful meaning. However, I do believe the story about the old couple that was in love with one another. This shows how powerful love can truly be. It does exist. Love may indicate several different descriptions, however, I know that one thing is true about this mystery word…Love is forever!



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Fashion Trends Have Effected females’ Self-esteem

Fashion can be thought of as a type of art utilizing cultural materials to transform the appearance of the natural body. It communicates things like social status and sex as well as enhancing attractiveness. While it may have evolutionary links with the flamboyant displays of peacocks and other birds it is clearly a way in which humans distance themselves from the natural world. Through the years, the definition for what was thought to be beautiful has changed a great deal, but culture as always had control over women’s bodies. The multi-billion dollar fashion and beauty industry of today moves at such a fast pace that trends come and go everyday. What was considered beautiful two hundred years ago probably wouldn’t be thought of in the same way today? The fashions and trends that have occurred over the past four decades are leading to a problem that is getting worse every year. It was somehow decided many years ago that it was desirable for women to be thin, or at least not over weight. And it seems that most beautiful and most admired women of today’s age get smaller every year. To understand where we are at today, we must first understand the major influences that have happened in the fashion industry in the past 40 years.

What has to be known as the “Youth Culture” started in the 160’s? During the same period of time Barbie was introduced to young girls. Though meant to be an ideal in “feminine glamour”, Barbie was very unrealistically proportioned, with larger than average breasts, extremely long legs, and very slender hips. Fashion went to extremely different lengths during this decade. The fashion industry cut inches from the hems of skirts, creating the very popular miniskirt. Women started wearing bikinis instead of one-piece bathing suits, and tight fitting body suits also became popular. These “fashion revolutions” did a great deal for the fashion and beauty industry, but it put a lot of pressure on women and teenagers to stay or become thin (Media 0-1).

The 170’s have become to be known as the “Me” decade; because people started dressing any way they dared to. What people wore wasn’t as important as it once was, but how the person looked continued to gain importance. The use of teenage models continued. This left woman an unwritten code of beauty that held thinness as very important. The desire to be muscular and toned continued to flourish in the eighties. More pressure than ever was put on women to diet and exercise, and as in years before, the use of younger models increased. Calvin Klein began a series of advertisements that contained shots of young men and women who portrayed an ideal body image small framed bodies with baby-like facial features set in a sexually provocative pose (Media 4).




The 10’s brought forth a style of body that many people have tried to obtain. The “Waif Look” is a lot like the first youth models of the sixties, but taller and even thinner. The young models that portray this look have super straight bodies, and stick thin arms and legs. The youth trend that has gone on over the past few decades continues strong today. In fact, models are beginning at younger and younger ages. Most begin at around 15, although it is not surprising to see thirteen-year-old girls on the fashion runways of Paris and Milan (Media 5-7). In turn, these girls unintentionally force the older, more proportioned, models to lose weight and try to reduce their bodies to the size of their almost pre-pubescent competition. The average female has a height of five feet and five inches and should weigh in at about 117-156 pounds. The average model is about 5’10’’ and weighs only approximately 15 pounds. Women across the country look at models like Kate Moss and wonder where they are going wrong in their diets and exercise routines. Most people aren’t aware that the average model weighs about % less than the average female of their age (Media 1), and still think it is perfectly normal and attainable to have a body like Kate Moss’. In all actuality, only 10% of the nations’ population genetically fit models’ height and weight zone.

Thee desperate need to look younger, thinner and more attractive as become a near obsession with millions of American teenagers. Teenagers turn to models and celebrities to define how they should look, and as a direct result develop problems with their self-esteem and become obsessed with their bodies. At a very crucial and stressful point in their lives, their bodies are experiencing changes and are starting to develop. Cover models portray the perfect face and teenagers tend to want to be like them. They want to look like the girl in the cover of Seventeen or the actors they see on television. What they do not realize is that these models have been chosen from hundreds of other aspiring models and under go a lot of preparation in order to be ready for a photo shoot. If the teenagers are not careful, they can begin to lose self-esteem, because they want to look like someone else. Sadly, more and more young women want to be the stereotypical ideal, and are pre-occupied with becoming or staying thin.

In a survey conducted in 18 by USA Weekend in partnership with Channel One, for their 11th Annual Special Teen Report, as many as 7,000 teens ranging from grades 6-1 were asked a variety of questions reflecting how they think of themselves, their parents, their friends and other related topics. Most of the teens say they feel good about themselves in general, but about thee same amount of people felt insecure about their appearance. More than half of the teens feel pressured to look a certain way and a very large percent say that celebrities influence their lives and how they dress (Teens ). Nearly / of all teens surveyed believe that appearance plays an important role in becoming successful and gaining respect in life (4).

Somewhere teenage girls of today have gotten a distorted perception of what is important to their own health and well being. Could it be that the models they admire re making them think that being skinny should be their first priority? As models have decreased in size over the years, so has the self-esteem of our teenage girls. It is interesting to note that the influences of the fashion industry are showing up in weight statistics for real women whose average weight is now on the decrease. Could it be that as the inches are disappearing from the waists’ of models, the self-esteem of our teenage society is disappearing along with them?

A lack of self-esteem can lead to greater health problems. Many teenagers feel pressured to fit in and try to conform to societies ideal body image. They think that if they are skinny, people will like them and they will be accepted. Almost all teenage girls buy or read fashion magazines; the slender supermodels contained within the magazines only reinforce the young teenager’s beliefs that to be accepted they must e thin. What we do not realize is that the minority of people have an image like the cover models’ appearance so it would be logical to have a more realistic image on the cover of a fashion magazine because the customers who buy advertised products and clothes have an ideal image not a supermodel’s image. Lots of teenage girls look at models, as idols and resort to unhealthy methods of weight loss to try and look like them. These unhealthy ways often lead to more serious problems like anorexia and bulimia. Both life-threatening disorders are characterized by lack of self-esteem, and people who suffer from them usually have doubts about their individuality and self worth.

It is needless to say that as society and the fashion industry drop the average size of models, the self-esteem of any bone thin for so long, it is also unhealthy to make the young women of tomorrow feel inadequate. Most young women are blessed with the reality that they are never going to be a famous fashion model, but that does not mean that the same young women don’t envy the models tat do make it. It is obvious that we wont be able to turn back time, and change the way society have developed a pre-occupation with beauty and thinness. We can, however, change the way young women think about themselves. A single positive influence in a teens’ life can be enough to make a world difference. We need to encourage teens to be themselves and to be proud of who they are, so they do not feel pressured to fit in and conform to society. People whom are happy with who they are, are less likely to try and obtain and “ideal” body image, because they accept their bodies the way they are.



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I’ve had a natural artistic ability for my entire life and I’ve been hearing praise for it since I was old enough to put a crayon to paper. I have the ability to copy a photograph nearly identically and create at least a very good likeness with a paintbrush. This is a talent which had been one of the few things that I liked about myself, it’s helped me threw bad times and will continue to serve me throughout my life.

Since I was very young, all the way back to preschool, I felt an immense and inescapable rejection from my peers. It seems now that it was so bad I would like to call it schizophrenia, a chuckle or mumbled word from anyone would cause my mind to weave fantastic plots against me by whoever uttered the sound. The only way I could seem to get any positive attention from anyone was to draw, so draw I did. I drew things I knew I could get praise for; dogs, cartoon characters, unicorns, dragons and anything else that may have been assigned in art class. Being that my art seemed to be the only thing about me that anyone liked, I worked on it quite a bit, and got pretty good at it. In the sixth grade I was introduced to a new kind of drawing, I’d always drawn from imagination but found that this new technique - still life - held the possibility for detail I could never imagine.

Being that I had always drawn from my own mind, still life was an entirely new concept for me but I found I had a knack for it. By this time art was becoming less of a way to be accepted and more of something that I like about myself, I didn’t care what anyone thought of what I drew, I enjoyed seeing just how exactly I could copy what I saw. It became fun, and it’s a characteristic of me like is my hair or my eye color.

Now my art is a part of me, it’s something I cherish about myself and I want it to be what I am known for; I want my name to bring to a persons mind, ‘artist’. Now that I am in college, it’s become obvious to me that my art is even something I could live off of. There are a million different kinds of jobs that involve the visual arts and although I have no idea what I will do later in life, I will continue to create beautiful images of paint, pencil, and ink.






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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on civilization and savagery. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality civilization and savagery paper right on time.

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When the boys first arrived on the island they automatically seeked for some kind of law and order since there are not any grown-ups. They want to belong to a group, with someone in charge to lead them, and make them feel safe. After being chosen in a democratic election, Ralph becomes this leader.

Ralphs society becomes a symbol of the democratic society, where everyone has their rights and an equal say. He assigned the choir as hunters and Jack the position of being the leader of them. The conch becomes an important symbol for authority and civilisation, anyone who holds it has the right to be heard. In Ralphs society everyone works for the benefit of the whole group. Building shelters, looking for food and keeping the fire alive are the three most important issues.

After a period of time this society starts to brake up. With the fear of the beastie, the boys have become terrified of this creature which lead up to the death of Simon and then Piggy. But there is a difference between these two deaths, as Simons death was accidental and Piggys death was deliberate. This shows the darkness inside mans heart, which is released when mankind becomes savages. Fear is what provokes savagery, as Roger lost control of his actions because of fear. With the destruction of the conch along with the death of Piggy, it also shows the destruction of authority and civilisation.

Jack and the hunters show that mankind are inheritantly evil, if left alone to take care of themselves, fear will turn tem into the savage roots of the ancestors. This is shown near the end of the novel with the killing of piggy and the hunting of Ralph. Though at first Jack felt guilty for killing Simon, because he was still civilised, however as time goes on it turns into a thirst for blood, to kill anything that stands in his way to become the leader of the island.




Ralph represents fairness and morality while Jack represents evil and the decay of civilisation. Piggy symbolizes the law and order of the world they left behind. He attempts to act accordingly to an absolute set of standards. Roger symbolizes mans natural tendency to cause harm to others, as he evolves into a terrorist, a savage, eager to throw rocks, roll boulder and throw spears at his fellow tribe members and act as a follower of Jack to do his dirty work for him.

Fear and frustration provokes the darkness of mans heart, without any law and order man will turn into savages. The events throughout the novel show the deterioration of civilisation to savagery.



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There seems to be a lot talk these days about English Only Laws. English Only laws vary. Some states simply declare English as the official language of the state. Other state and local edicts limit or prohibit governments use of non-English language assistance and services. Some restrict bilingual education programs, prohibit multilingual ballots, or forbid non-English government services such services as courtroom translation or multilingual emergency police lines.

So far sixteen States have adopted English only laws. Some versions of the English Language Amendment would void almost all state and federal laws that require the government to provide services in languages other than English. The services affected would include health, education and social welfare services, job training, translation assistance to crime victims and witnesses in court and administrative proceedings; voting assistance and ballots, drivers licensing exams, and AIDS prevention education.

It is estimated that 6 percent of Americans are fluent in English, It is also estimated that 10 million resident are not. While 6 percent seems to be a huge percentage, ten million individuals should not be overlooked. Would the proposed laws violate the rights of these American citizens? Will English only laws slow or speed the progress of integrating immigrants into the fabrics of society? These laws may have an effect on the last generation of immigrants but I believe they will help the next generation.

Immigrants want to come to the United States of America for many reasons. Some of those reasons include religious freedoms, abundant opportunity, and a democratic society. It is the vast majority of cultures and different races of people that make our nation great. However, this nation needs to find a glue to unite the people and stir patriotism in our society.




With the latest rounds of terrorist attacks and the War on Terrorism being fought in the Middle East this nation should be mindful of groups that could cause harm to society. If you have different groups of people that exist in the United States, and those groups all have their own language and cannot communicate with each other, this nation could tear it’s self apart from the inside out. There has to something to unite the different races so that they share something in common. The English language could be part of that glue.

By imposing English Only legislature the government will encourage individuals and families to learn the English language. This change may have some negative effects in the short run, but in the long run, the changes will be beneficial to society. Learning English will not limit the types of jobs that immigrants are qualified for. It will enable them to be more informed about the political policies that this nation makes. It will enable them to seek more abundant help if in danger. It will enable all different types of people to communicate and have a common language.

It is impossible for the government to accommodate all of the different languages and groups that exist. If the government is going to sponsor a program to make people aware of the dangers of HIV, should it be required to make flyers and posters in every language imaginable as to not exclude anyone? The answer is no, if immigrants come to this nation they themselves are responsible for learning the cultures and the language of the American people. Society as well as individuals will benefit from this policy.

The English Only policy proposed does not violate the rights of its citizens. It does not state that immigrants cannot communicate in their native tongue. If immigrants want to speak their native language among each other or anyone else that is perfectly acceptable. The government is merely simplifying programs, saving time and money, and encouraging a common bond among American citizens. This is not a violation of individual rights.

However, I do believe that the government should take a more active role in educating immigrants as they come into the country. If immigrants are required to learn English as part of the naturalization process they would be more equipped to handle the challenges that lie ahead. As Americans it is our responsibility to make sure that immigrants are not a drain on society. The door should always be open to individuals looking for a better life but we need to make sure that those individuals are equipped to lead productive lives. English Only laws might help that process along.



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