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January , 00
Classics 01
Roman History
- after battle at Canae, Capua (longtime ally) and Syracuse defeated by Hannibal à Macedonia declares war on Rome
Help with essay on The roman people
- Romans controlled up to Swiss Alps
- Cumae was first Greeks that Romans had encountered
- Messana was part of the first Punic War (64-41)
- Romans fighting on a few fronts � Romans used allies in Macedonia i.e. Athens or Corinthe to fight against Macedonians
- Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator � avoided direct contact, open battles � sought time and assaults on Hannibal, cut off Hannibal’s supplies
- After Canae, everyone returned to this way of delaying
- Hannibal foraged for the next few years, no supplies because intercepted by Roman army in Spain
- Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio � commanders in Spain (brothers) and were killed in battle
- Romans gave command of Roman forces in Spain to son of Publius, Publius Cornelius Scipio
o Had imperium
o Was very young (5)
o Found phalanx was too inflexible and made up of centuries
o Made principal fighting force of Romans and centuries called Maniple
§ March into battle as a phalanx but try to avoid being encircled
§ Adopted larger swords from Spaniards called Gladius
- Hannibal’s control of Syracuse and control of waterway was very important
- Recovery of Syracuse by Marcus Claudius Marcellus with very large fleet in 14 recovered the city in 1 à raised morale of Romans
- Archimedes � was within walls of Syracuse providing inventions for protection
- Capua was recovered in 11 and destroyed
- Tarentum was recaptured by Romans in 0
- Publius Cornelius Scipio brought Spanish allies to Rome
- Hasdrubal
o Brother of Hannibal
o Defeated by Scipio
o Looked as if he was retreating and tricked scipio
o Defeated again by Romans
o Beheaded in 07
- Scipio
o Realized war could be a stalemate unless declared war in Hannibal’s home country
o Opposition by senate
o 01 Zama (6 Zamae) � battle here between scipio and Hannibal and home help fight against Romans
o Carthage surrenders Hannibal but killed in 01
o Received honorary fourth name Africanus for victory over Africa
- Hannibal stayed in politics but sought refuge in Persia (Romans chased him there)
- Spain now a Roman Province
- Sicily,
- Africa not a province byt a client state with no foreign policy
- Romans declared war on Macedonia in 00 B.C. à war of vengence
- Philip was the King of Macedonia and descendant of Alexander the Great’s general
- Philip lost Balkans to Rome but remained in power after
- T. Quinctius Flamininus
o Second Macedonian War
o Major battle of Cynoscephalae 00 � 17
o Romans defeated Macedonians even though they originated the phalanx
o Declared freedom of Greece who were now allies of Rome
- Third battle Perseus 168 the Battle of Pyana � Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeats Macedonians
- Perseus is the son of Philip and captured by Romans
- Macedonia given some autonomy but now part of Roman empire
- Trasimene is where Hannibal had thousands of soldiers
- Greece a privince called Achaia
- M. Porcius Cato
o In Roman Senate
o Born in Tusculum
o No ancestors but became consul and censor
o Had fought with Africanus at battle of Zama
o Very conservative
o Recognized Carthage was still a threat
o Concluded all speeches with “Carthago delenda let” = Carthage must be destroyed
- Masinissa
o In Numidia
o Carthage had to beg Romans if they wanted a war
o Berber origin
o King Masinissa encouraged by Romans to attack Carthage and eventually Carthage attacked Numidia
§ Romans attacked Carthage for breach of treaty
- 14 �146 third Punic war
- L. Aemilius Paullus
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