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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Religious Believers Should Be More Concerned About Other People Than About The Environment - Do you agree?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Religious Believers Should Be More Concerned About Other People Than About The Environment - Do you agree? paper right on time.

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Religious believers should be more concerned about other people than about the environment. I do not agree with this statement because looking after the environment is like looking after people/humans.


If people take care of their environment, such as not dropping litter and using public transport to stop pollution, in the long run it will potent people from diseases and other reactions from pollution etc.


By damaging the environment and not respecting it, it is like not respecting ourselves and others. It is like we are trying to self harm our lives by damaging the world we live in.


If people look after humans more than the environment it will end up with humans being wiped out by everyone ruining the earth we live on.


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Another reason I disagree with the statement is that the earth started off naturally with just plants, animals and humans, which makes me think what humans are doing to it is wrong. It wasnt made for buildings and cars which cause pollution, so we should try to look after the environment I think we have ruined so far, and try to restore it to how it used to be.


Overall I think being concerned for the environment is just as important as being concerned for humans because caring for the environment is like caring for mankind.


Cant make this much longer its very hard seeing as it is rubbish enough as it is! i am jut going to make up some crap for the next few wordsso that it will reach the requird amount of 50 even thoughI believe it is quality not quantity which matters in an essay and so they should consider the ones of us who are lazy AND CANT B BOTHERED TO MAKE THI ANY LONGER! IT IS BORING BORING BORING! AND IM ON MY SUMMER HOLIDAY THIS I QUITE UNFAIR I FEEL!


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on puka. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality puka paper right on time.

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Reflecting back on the piece that I have just read, I can only think of the extremity of desperation that the two authors were going through to make them feel the way that they did that suicide would possibly be better than living in a white mans world. If these powerful documents were not enough to let people come to the realization of how bad African-Americans had it (and still do to a degree) then I do not know what could possibly be more convincing. I cannot stop thinking about the atrocities that the woman in the first writing was calling upon to spite the whites in which had caused her so much pain. Though seemingly extreme, I can clearly recall an instance in history where tactics such as these denouncements and curses actually worked. In Egypt, Mosses did the same thing in order to lead his people (the Jewish slaves) out of bondage so that they could find their own land in which to dwell freely. The curses, though wishing pain and suffering upon their offenders, were not unlike the ten plagues that Moses called upon the Egyptians, the last of the ten being the death of the youngest son of all the families. It was then that the Jewish people were given the permission to leave Egypt in search of a new life. These documents remind me much of that because, like the Jews, these blacks are searching for their freedom in a white world in which it does not exist. They feel as if their last resort and the one that will finally bring about results in these denouncements and prayers to God.





The second document alludes to a statement that I remember from the movie The Matrix. The author states that it is the whit mans goal not only to dominate the country, but the planet and universe as well. In the movie, one of the men stated that the human race (and in this case, the white race) are like viruses, they multiply and then move on to consume every natural resource in an area until it is time to move on once again and multiply and then the cycle of destruction continues on. Man doesnt live in harmony with his surroundings, but rather tries to dominate and consume it. Like the only other life-form that does this, the virus, man (and in the case of the authors, white men) plague the earth trying to dominate all that they believe is rightfully theirs. Thus, in both of these cases, the only thing that is strong enough to stop the present course of mankind is a curse that destroys the white man and his wrath of terror.





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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Australian Report On Progress Towards the Paperless Trading GoalsIn APEC¡¦s Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Australian Report On Progress Towards the Paperless Trading GoalsIn APEC¡¦s Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce paper right on time.

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Executive Summary


V Australia is actively pursuing the paperless trading goals set out in the APEC Blueprint for Action on E-Commerce through legal reforms, policy coordination measures and a number of practical actions to facilitate electronic systems within specific business sectors.


V Australia has established the National Office for the Information Economy (NOIE) as the leading government agency on information economy issues. The Office of Government Online (OGO) is responsible for overseeing the provision of all appropriate government services online.


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V Australia¡¦s priorities are clearly manifest in the Electronic Transactions Act 1 which was designed to ensure technology neutrality (i.e. no form of technology or IT business approach should be favoured over another) and media neutrality (i.e paper-based commerce and e-commerce should be treated equally by the law). Australia is aiming for a regulatory environment which encourages innovation and growth and is consistent across Australia and with widely agreed international positions.


V Australia recognises that, as major users and customers, governments will be significant catalysts for change, encouraging uptake by signalling their commitment to new technologies and supporting the development of a critical mass of users. The Australian Government is committed to providing all appropriate government services online by 001 and its E-Procurement Strategy aims to pay all suppliers electronically by the end of 000, and allow all simple procurement suppliers who wish to deal with the government electronically, using open standards, to do so by the end of 001.


V The Gatekeeper initiative is establishing a world-class Public Key Infrastructure that will ensure that online transactions are verifiable, secure, and confidential. This will improve confidence in, and use of, e-commerce by business, government and the community.


V This report sets out a variety of initiatives which we believe represent best practice. Two worthy of special mention are our EXDOC and Business Entry Point systems.


V Australia¡¦s EXDOC system provides electronic delivery of export documentation and allows access to both the Australian quarantine and customs systems through a Single Electronic Window (SEW). Australia has developed an electronic health certificate (SANCRT) which has been used to clear all Australian edible meat shipments into Japan since March 18 and is being trialled with other APEC economies.


V The Australian Business Entry Point (BEP) website has been developed to reduce red tape for small business. It provides a single window into the Australian Government, offering a secure environment for businesses to complete online transactions with, for example, the Australian Taxation Office; a comprehensive database of government and industry programs and services; advice on running a business; and links to government procurement opportunities.


V Australia believes concerns over security and authenticity of online transactions are still hurdles to improving user confidence and changing business practice (e.g. with regard to the use of paper Bills of Lading). Care should be taken that incompatible solutions to security and authentication issues in different domestic and international jurisdictions and industry sectors do not result in additional obstacles to paperless trading.


1.Major Achievements


Please outline major achievements to date in your economy in meeting the APEC Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce paperless trading goals, in relation to


Legal environment


Electronic Transactions Act


The Electronic Transactions Act 1 (http//www.law.gov.au/ecommerce/ ) supports e-commerce uptake by allowing electronic communications to satisfy existing legal requirements for writing, signature, document production and the retention of documents, subject to certain minimum requirements.


The Act is based on the United Nations¡¦ Model Law on Electronic Commerce and it will be the basis for uniform national legislation for e-commerce being developed in consultation with the States and Territories. Accordingly, it will promote consistency internationally and in Australia. Australia has encouraged other jurisdictions to adopt the Model Law through its involvement in international fora such as APEC and the OECD.


The Act is based on two fundamental principles. The first is ¡¥media neutrality¡¦, which means that paper-based commerce and e-commerce should be treated equally by the law. Secondly, the principle of ¡¥technology neutrality¡¦ ensures that the law does not discriminate between different forms of technology.


All Australian Commonwealth Government Departments will need to comply with the provisions of the Act after July 001. Prior to then it is up to each Department how best to apply the provisions of the legislation.


Administrative environment


NOIE


NOIE is the National Office for the Information Economy (http//www.noie.gov.au) . It was established to be Australias leading federal government body for information economy issues.


NOIE develops, coordinates and oversees broad policy


V for the regulatory, legal and physical infrastructure needed for online services (including electronic commerce), and


V to oversee the application of the new technology to government administration, information, and service provision.


Australia has found NOIE vital in ensuring a whole of government approach to information economy issues, and mobilising Australian policymakers to ensure Australia is a leader in this field.


OGO


The Office for Government Online (OGO) (http//www.ogo.gov.au ) is the government agency responsible for overseeing the migration of government services online. The Office for Government Online (OGO) works with agencies in meeting the Government¡¦s commitment to have all appropriate services for online by 001. While each agency is responsible for the electronic service delivery, OGO provides common infrastructure and management arrangements to enable and support electronic services across government.


The Office for Government Online has a coordinating and facilitating role in assisting agencies to deliver services electronically by


V Reporting on the range of online initiatives delivered by Government;


V Identifying inhibitors to take up of electronic services; and


V Providing Whole-of-Government enablers for the delivery of electronic services.


The Australian Government considers OGO an important initiative in highlighting governments dual role in enabling e-commerce and leading by example through provision of government services online. The latter role, in and of itself, encourages and enables greater uptake of e-commerce in the private sector.


The Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service¡¦s (AQIS) Electronic Export Documentation System - EXDOC


Each year AQIS issues in excess of 00,000 export certificates covering a range of export commodities shipped to some 140 countries. Accuracy, security and timeliness are critical requirements for export certification to ensure exports gain unimpeded access to world markets. The only way for AQIS to ensure it can provide the level of service required by Australia¡¦s overseas clients has been to develop electronic systems for delivering export certificates and clearances.


The EXDOC system is designed to provide cost effective, accurate, secure and timely electronic delivery of export documentation required by Australian exporters to ¡¥clear¡¦ product from Australia and to gain access for that product in overseas markets. EXDOC users also have the facility of the single electronic window (SEW) to Government allowing them to transact their AQIS and Customs¡¦ Exports Integration (EXIT) system business through the one message channel. This means a saving in clearance times and message transmission costs.


EXDOC has operated for edible meat since August 1 and is now undergoing extension to the non-meat export sector. Exporters of dairy products have had access to the system since October 1 and exporters of fish products since December 1. Grain and horticulture commodity shippers will be able to use EXDOC from March and July 000 respectively.


Another key feature of EXDOC is the ability to generate a globally acceptable electronic health certificate designed to remove the need for paper certificates where importing countries accept this. This electronic certificate, called SANCRT (pronounced san-cert) has been used to clear all Australian edible meat shipments into Japan since March 18.


Financial and Banking environment


Payment systems


The efficiency of payment systems is crucial to the success of every business. E-commerce can improve payment systems to provide faster cash flow and reduce errors associated with traditional paper-based and cheque methods of payment. Also, the emergence of the Internet as a service channel is set to radically alter the design and delivery of financial products.


Most major Australian banks now operate Internet banking for customers to check balances and pay bills through the Bpay system (www.bpay.com.au ). In addition, financial institutions are currently redesigning products and services for both customers and business to take advantage of the Internet. Some examples of these, in addition to Internet banking, include Internet broking and Internet insurance. These developments are introducing a new breed of intermediaries¡Xthose offering comparison services online. Already, the Internet has transformed the broking industry with Internet trading increasing as a proportion of trading activity and lowering the price of commissions.


NOIE has released two guides to Internet banking, produced in association with the Australian Information Industry Association and the Australian Bankers¡¦ Association. Both publications¡XGetting Paid on the Internet and Banking on the Internet ¡X are available from the NOIE website (www.noie.gov.au). Getting Paid on the Internet provides a guide for small business to the efficiency of Internet-based banking. It raises awareness of using this business solution to make and process payments along the supply chain. Banking on the Internet is a guide for consumers to make use of the latest developments in Internet banking.


Business uptake


General Community


The 1 Australian Yellow Pages Small Business Index survey reported that, as at February 1, 8 per cent of small businesses and per cent of medium businesses were using computers. Usage by small businesses was expected to increase to 87 per cent in the following year. Forty eight per cent of small businesses and 8 per cent of medium businesses were connected to the Internet.


Twelve per cent of small businesses and 18 per cent of medium businesses were using e-commerce to sell their products and services. These proportions were expected to increase to 0 per cent and 8 per cent respectively in 000. A further 6 per cent of small businesses and 41 per cent of medium businesses saw potential to use e-commerce in their business operations.


An example of Australian Government initiatives to promote uptake is the Australian Electronic Business Network discussed under Best Practices for SMEs.


Import/Export and Transport Sector


In those sectors of specific relevance to our paperless trading goals


V Container terminals The two major operators in the major Australian ports are capable of handling operational information electronically however they may not have implemented capabilities at all sites. This includes bayplans (close to 100% take up), load/discharge reports (close to 100% take up), import delivery orders (limited capability and low take up) and export receival advice (limited capability and low take up). Also, some container terminal trading partners (eg road and rail carriers) are still submitting paper documents and faxes.


V Shipping Companies Approximately 75% of shipping companies are using electronic messages for business transactions. The major liner shipping operators are now offering facilities for exporters to make bookings electronically and to obtain electronic Bills of Lading and Waybills. These companies can also issue electronic Import Delivery Orders.


V Freight Forwarders Approximately 50% of freight forwarders are currently using electronic messaging facilities.


V Customs Brokers Almost 100% of customs brokers are currently using electronic messaging facilities. This reflects the fact that the Australian Customs Service can handle all cargo declarations and payments of duty electronically.


V Exporters Approximately 80 % of exporters are currently using electronic messaging facilities.


V Road and Rail Carriers At this stage only rough indicative figures are available, but they suggest that less than 50% of operators are using electronic messaging. However, over 80% of truck operators are using the electronic vehicle booking systems for booking time slots to deliver and collect containers from port terminals.


V Port Authorities All ports use electronic mail. Many ports can accept electronic manifest information Sydney (50%); Melbourne (0%); Fremantle (48% now and 70% in three months time). In addition, Brisbane and Gladstone are using e-forms for a variety of messages between port authorities and their clients, e.g. forwarding instructions, export receival advice, port manifests and requests for berths. Sydney Ports Corporation has an electronic booking system for vessels ¡¥Harbour Management System¡¨. It is also in final testing of Dangerous Goods electronic messages (international standard PROTECT).


ITA


Australia is a participant in the Information Technology Agreement (ITA), which was announced in the Ministerial Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products (Singapore, December 16). This Agreement, which had its origins in APEC, provides for the elimination of tariffs on information technology (IT) products and consultations on non-tariff barriers to trade in IT products. By liberalising trade in products, the Agreement has increased the availability of IT to participating economies, thus underpinning the development of electronic commerce and other aspects of the information economy. Also, the results of the Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications Services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) are associated with reduced cost of access to the Internet and with the growth of electronic commerce. In Australias case, a major Government (NOIE) study ¡§E-Commerce Beyond 000¡¨ (http//www.noie.gov.au/beyond000 ) has found that electronic commerce will significantly add to the gross national product.


.Examples of Best Practice


Please identify any programs instituted domestically or with other regional economies which you believe are examples of best practice and may be of interest to other APEC economies, including, for example


Initiatives in specific agencies or localities


Gatekeeper ¡V Public Key Infrastructure


The use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) provides authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation in online interactions between Government, business, and the community in a manner that ensures interoperability and consistency of standards. Gatekeeper (http//www.ogo.gov.au/projects/publickey/Gatekeeper.htm ) is the Commonwealth strategy for the use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and a key enabler for the delivery of Government online. Gatekeeper also leads by example to encourage the uptake of e-commerce in the private sector.


The Government Public Key Authority(GPKA) reports to the Chief Executive, Office for Government Online on the operation of the Government Public Key Infrastructure, manages the evaluation and accreditation of service providers to government and promotes the Commonwealth Government position on the use of public key technology. The GPKA is supported by a Secretariat, which provides a first point of contact for agencies, industry and other organisations and manages the accreditation process.


Supermarket to Asia


In 17/8 food exports to Asian countries accounted for 60 per cent of an $18 billion food export industry. They are therefore an important part of the Australian economy. Supermarket to Asia (www.supermarkettoasia.com.au ) is a Government initiative aimed at promoting the export of food products to Asia. As part of the overall initiative, two projects specifically have introduced e-commerce systems into export industries the introduction of a single electronic window, and FoodConnect Australia.


Single Electronic Window


The Single Electronic Window resulted from joint Industry and Government efforts to reduce the red tape involved with export clearance for meat, agricultural and fish products.


Previously exporters had to send information to both the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and Australian Customs Service in order to obtain export approval. Because about 85 per cent of the information required by the two organisations is the same, exporters used to spend valuable time entering the same data twice.


The new system allows exporters using EXDOC, who have to obtain export clearance from Customs and AQIS, to submit required data via a single message to the AQIS EXDOC system and that system will pass on the appropriate data to Customs.


The integrated export clearance service has made the clearance process for exporters much simpler and more accurate and streamlined. The improved service will be progressively made available to other AQIS controlled food industries.


FoodConnect Australia


FoodConnect Australia (www.foodconnect.com.au ) is an online site assisting the export of food and beverage produce. It facilitates fast business communications, provides secure electronic trading and provides links to relevant sites and information for the industry.


The site will be developed further so it not only assists in matching buyers and sellers, but also allows businesses to undertake as much of the export process as possible online. For example, businesses will be able to arrange payment, transport, insurance and government clearance via the single industry portal.


Harbour Management System


This system, which was developed by the Sydney Ports Corporation, is currently being rewritten for the internet. It allows agents to make electronic booking of vessels calling at the port. It sends messages to the pilots, tugs and linesmen and confirmation of their acceptance is received electronically. The system also manages hazardous cargo, manifest, receipt and invoicing.


Initiatives aimed at the transport services sector (customs brokers, shipping agents etc)


The DOMEDI Project


The DOMEDI project was completed in 18 with the release of a report for the road transport industry (Trucks Online Domestic Transport EDI Project, NOIE, 18). This project established the standards for the development of an e-commerce system for the transport sector based on standard messaging and labelling systems for companies wishing to manage logistics and information in an EDI environment. By exchanging information between logistics providers and their customers electronically, physical goods movement processes can be monitored and managed and paperwork can be reduced or eliminated.


The technology components for effective implementation of these standards in EDI environments include the international standard European Article Numbering (EAN) structure and application identifiers; bar code technology; and fixed-bed or mobile scanners to read and interpret bar-codes. EAN Australia (www.ean.com.au ), a non-profit organisation with just under 11,000 members from a range of industry and other sectors administers the EAN system in Australia.


Customs Cargo Management Re-engineering (CMR) ¡V Customs Connect Facility (CCF)


CMR (www.customs.gov.au ) will provide new export and import processes in line with emerging industry, community and government requirements. It is also aimed at reducing costs and increasing cargo management efficiency at Australia¡¦s waterfront and airports through the innovative and co-operative efforts of all parties.


CMR will comprehensively re-engineer Customs cargo systems and business processes. This $A0 million project will be completed by July 001. The CCF will provide a flexible secure e-commerce portal to CMR and other Customs business applications and is to be available from early 001.


CMR will place Australian Customs very much at the leading edge of international Customs practice. The CCF will


V provide TCP/IP and voice access 65 days of the year;


V facilitate use of digital certification by Customs clients ¡V representing some 150,000 importers, exporters, Customs brokers, freight forwarders and airlines ¡V through use of the Australian Business Number ¡V Digital Signature Certificate (discussed elsewhere in this report);


V use standard EDI message formats as well as emerging standards such as XML, and


V accept electronic payments, including over the Internet.


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The Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service¡¦s (AQIS) Electronic Export Documentation System (EXDOC) and SANCRT electronic certificate.


A key feature of EXDOC is the ability to generate a globally acceptable electronic health certificate designed to remove the need for paper certificates where importing countries accept this. This electronic certificate, called SANCRT (pronounced san-cert) has been used to clear all Australian edible meat shipments into Japan since March 18.


In a bid to deliver further efficiencies to clients, AQIS has actively pursued the use of SANCRT with a number of our Asian trading partners in recent years to a point where it is now contemplating trials with Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea. AusAID funding has been made available to assist the process with four of these ASEAN economies. A trial commenced with Canada in March 000. Australia submitted a project proposal to TPT-WG meeting in March that will provide opportunities for other APEC economies to trial SANCRT.


While we are currently using SANCRT for meat health certificates, we have flagged with these countries our intention to expand the trials to cover certification for other commodities as they come onto EXDOC. AQIS has also agreed it will trial the receipt of incoming SANCRT messages via the AQIS AIMS system.


The ability to transmit government to government certification via EXDOC/SANCRT opens the way for individual exporters to interact in a similar manner with those commercial entities involved in the export chain. These include land, sea and air transport, banks, insurance companies etc. It is estimated there is at least a 75 to 85 percent data commonality in respect of information passed by the exporter to government in Australia and to the commercial sector in respect of each individual shipment.


For some time work has been underway in Australia in both the public and private sectors in an attempt to develop electronic message mechanisms that will enable exporters to transact their export clearance business using single data entry principles. AQIS believes this is a critical next step to ensure export industries gain the full benefits offered by paperless trading.


Rail Hub Project


The Rail Hub project (www.tradegate.org.au ) is aimed at providing electronic facilities covering transactions between an inland exporter and container terminals using rail as the land transport carrier. The project involves a facility, through a Tradegate ECA bureau service, for converting EDI messages to non-EDI electronic forms and vice-versa, and includes use of EDI via the Internet as well as Internet web forms suited to Small to Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs).


Port Authority Web Forms Project


This project involves a Bureau Service to be managed by each port and coordinated by the Electronic Commerce Working Group of the Association of Australian Port and Marine Authorities (AAPMA) (website available in two months). It will be used for the transfer of electronic messages (some of which may not be in EDI form) covering cargo manifests and dangerous goods declarations to participating Port Authorities in EDIFACT form. This facility is currently being tested by Gladstone, Brisbane, Hobart and Fremantle. There is a push by all ports to be able to use the system. The AAPMA Electronic Commerce Working Group is currently working towards the implementation of e-forms for cargo manifests and dangerous goods declarations via the World Wide Web.


Paperless Truck Processing


One of Australia¡¦s major container terminal operators, Patrick, is currently implementing a paperless truck processing system . Under this system truck operators and Patrick will conduct business electronically thus eliminating the need for the truck operator and the container terminal operator to exchange shipping paperwork for truck movements in and out of the container yard.


Initiatives focused on facilitating intra-company transfer of goods by multinational companies


Australian Customs, through its e-commerce gateway will be able to receive Internet communications and thus facilitate intra-company transfer of goods and promote development of paperless trading. Work underway with New Zealand Customs, through the Trans-Tasman Cargo Management project, to establish a one stop Customs process for accredited exporters could act as a model for other economies.


Trans-Tasman Cargo Management


Australian and New Zealand Customs agencies aim to improve facilitation of trans-Tasman trade by


V streamlining Customs regulatory procedures - Creating a single set of common Customs data for Australia and New Zealand.


V reducing Customs compliance costs for Trans-Tasman business - Through re-engineering business systems the amount of information required for export/import transactions will be reduced and use of the Internet will facilitate industry reporting to Customs on a Trans-Tasman basis.


The end goal is a `one-stop shop Customs process for Trans-Tasman exporters. Possibilities for establishing partnerships with strategic industry partners and agreeing cross recognition for each others audit and compliance regimes are being evaluated.


Initiatives aimed at the SME sector.


Business Entry Point


The Australian Government recognises that business, particularly small business, cannot afford the time or expense of dealing with multiple regulatory authorities in different levels of government. In July 18, the Australian Government launched the Business Entry Point (BEP) as part of its commitment to reducing red tape for this vital sector of the business community.


The BEP initiative is intended to address the needs of businesses in Australia for a simpler, less costly compliance environment and for improved interactions with agencies at Commonwealth, State, Territory and Local Government levels.


It is delivered through a website (www.business.gov.au ) and phone hotline service. The website can be accessed through public libraries, business enterprise centres, shopfronts and telecentres that provide the community with Internet access.


The BEP website currently provides access to over 60,000 resources including


V a comprehensive database of over 800 programs and services offered by Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments, industry associations and chambers of commerce;


V advice on setting up and running a business, including legal issues and licensing requirements;


V topics such as taxation, record-keeping, superannuation, occupational health and safety, employment, workplace relations, intellectual property protection and importing and exporting;


V links to important government and other websites, including State Government online business services such as Victoria¡¦s Maxi and South Australia¡¦s Bizgate;


V A growing collection of mandatory Commonwealth, State and Territory Codes of Practice; and


V Applications for Endorsed Supplier Arrangements and government IT contracting arrangements.


The BEP also offers a secure, reliable and private environment for businesses to complete online transactions and registrations with the Australian Taxation Office, the Department of Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business and other government agencies. New transactions are added regularly.


BEP Site usage


The BEP website has experienced significant increases in usage since its launch in July 18. The BEP site currently provides about 150,000 pages of information to users each month ¡V in November 1, it was over 00,000 pages. Since its launch there have been over million successful requests for information from users. The increase in usage can be seen in that 1 million of these requests occurred between November 1 and January 000. In the rankings for the top 100 Australian government websites for the week ending April 000, the BEP site was ranked no.6, and was ranked no.8 for Australian business sites for the same period.


Electronic Payments on the BEP


In order to facilitate online financial transactions between business and government, the Australian Government has established the Internet Payments Panel. Agencies at all levels of government who wish to set up systems which accept payments over the internet can select suppliers of internet payments products and services from the organisations appointed to the Panel, instead of having to go through a lengthy tendering process. The Panel was set up with assistance from the Office for Government Online (OGO), the National Office for the Information Economy (NOIE), the Defence Signals Directorate and the Australian Government Solicitor.


There are now 4 companies on the Internet Payments Panel, offering products and services ranging from complete in-house solutions, to related services such as site hosting and project management. Many of the Panel members are SMEs.


Australian Business Register Online


The Business Entry Point Management Branch in the Department of Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business, in conjunction with the Australian Taxation Office, is developing the Australian Business Register Online (ABR Online) which will be accessible through the BEP website. The Australian Business Register has been created to identify and hold basic information about all business entities trading in Australia. This project represents a significant step in promoting the use of electronic commerce, because businesses and agencies will be able to use the search facility on the BEP site to check the details of an organisation on the ABR before trading with them online. The information about business entities which is held on the ABR Online is publicly-available information from the Australian Taxation Office, and is based on data provided to the ATO by the businesses themselves. The ABR Online will be available on the BEP site for use by businesses from May 000. It is proposed that by September 000 businesses will also be able to make online changes to their own details held by the ABR.


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Framework for National Cooperation on Electronic Commerce in Government Procurement


This significant national initiative was a world first. It supports businesses, large and small, as they trade directly with Governments and with each other in a consistent, secure and low cost electronic environment. It was developed by the Australian Procurement and Construction Council (www.apcc.gov.au ), which consists of representatives from Australian Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments.


The National Framework guidelines assist business in the development of an internet presence for trading with both Government and other business organisations. The National Framework adopts common international e-commerce standards so that compatible systems can be developed by Australian Government agencies to enable common information to be shared where appropriate and to streamline business transactions across state and territory boundaries within a secure and low cost environment. The development of an open trading model based on international standards will encourage the involvement of multiple electronic commerce providers. It will also foster the creation of an environment where businesses are not locked into proprietary standards.


While initially devised to assist businesses wishing to trade with Governments, one of the most exciting aspects of the National Framework is that it will also help businesses to trade with other businesses within a secure and consistent environment, right across the region. It also provides SMEs wishing to take part in e-commerce the opportunity to present their products and services to governments on a comparable basis with other national and multinational suppliers, at relatively low cost.


Australian Electronic Business Network


The Australian Electronic Business Network (AeB.N) (www.aebn.org.au ) is an independent, not-for-profit organisation established by the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments in partnership with industry to encourage the use of e-commerce among small- and medium-sized enterprises.


The AeB.N activities revolve around


V providing electronic business training programs;


V publishing information for small business to assist them in using e-commerce (the publications Taking the Plunge, Worldwide Awareness, Where to Go and How to Get There are available at both www.aebn.org.au and www.noie.gov.au);


V access to web-based information and training resources marketed under the AUSe.NET brand; and


V demonstrating and piloting e-commerce business systems and solutions.


The generic web-based training material developed by the AeB.N is being delivered under the brand name of AUSe.NET products and services in workshops by a variety of business partners across industry sectors. These partners include Australian Industry Group, Australian Retailers Association and Monash University Centre for Electronic Commerce.


Australian Industry Group is an independent, representative organisation of Australian industry. It has over 11,500 members, both large and small, in every State and Territory. The Australian Industry Group is becoming increasingly active in the area of e-commerce and provides its members access to online services. The Australian Industry Group has a team of certified consultants to deliver AUSe.NET products and workshops across urban and regional areas in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland.


The AeB.N has also been working in partnership with AUSTRADE to help exporters and potential exporters in the small business sector to use e-commerce to improve their export competitiveness and capture new market opportunities. AUSTRADE will be running specific export-oriented e-commerce training workshops for small businesses using components from the AUSe.NET workshops.


Further information about the AeB.N and its business partners can be found at www.aebn.org.au .


Information Technology Online program


The Information Technology Online (ITOL) program is an annual competitive grants program managed by the National Office for the Information Economy (NOIE). The goal of the program is to accelerate the national adoption of business to business electronic commerce solutions, especially by communities of small and medium enterprises. The projects demonstrate new and innovative online solutions that improve business competitiveness for identifiable clusters of Australian business, for real business benefits.


ITOL provides catalytic grant support on a competitive basis to collaborative projects including consortia of enterprises, business/ industry associations and universities. Successful proposals from the fourth round of funding were announced by the Minister for Communication, Information Technology and the Arts on 1 March 000.


ITOL projects are catalysts for e-commerce uptake across industry sectors. They provide real business examples of the benefits of e-commerce and therefore help build business cases for going online.


Further information about the ITOL program can be found at www.noie.gov.au.


ExportNet Project


The ExportNet Project (www.tradegate.org.au) project involves developing electronic messaging facilities between shipping companies and their trading partners covering booking confirmations, forwarding instructions, pro forma bill of lading/waybill and export receival advice.


The great benefit of the project is that it will make the electronic documentary system for exports accessible to the small players who can¡¦t afford EDI. This will be done through the Tradegate ECA Bureau Service (www.tradegate.org.au ) that can link EDI users with users of less expensive and sophisticated electronic commerce systems (eg e-forms).


ImportNet Project


The ImportNet project (www.tradegate.org.au) aims to establish a secure web-forms based bureau service that will enable small importers and customs brokers to receive electronic commercial releases from shipping lines. These are known as Import Delivery Orders (IDOs) and provide the shipping line¡¦s authority for release of the cargo by the container terminal operator.


The project has similar features to the ExportNet project in that it provides an Internet based solution using electronic commerce messaging systems that are affordable to the small operators. The project also allows for the use of EDI for those parties fitted with such a facility.


The IDO together with the electronic import clearance provided by Customs, are the two essential documents that importers, or their brokers, need to enable them to arrange transport to collect containers from the wharf terminal.


Paynet Project


This project (soon to be accessible at www.tradegate.org.au ) is attempting to overcome the longstanding problem of using the UN/EDIFACT payment messages to complete the loop of automatic business transactions using EDI.


The project envisages using the Tradegate ECA Internet web-form bureau service, which will allow users of non-EDI electronic commerce facilities to use the system being developed through the project.


The benefits of the project should accrue to most of the players that have to make payments associated with the carriage of international freight


.Priorities and Objectives


Please provide details of your major priorities and objectives in encouraging paperless trading and any planned enhancements of current programs.


In 17, Prime Minister John Howard committed the Australian Government, through his Investing for Growth Statement


(http//www.pm.gov.au/media/pressrel/17/december/industry.htm )


to have all appropriate Government services online by 001. Australia is quickly approaching this target and launched its overarching Government Online Strategy on 6 April 000


(http//www.govonline.gov.au/projects/strategy/GovOnlineStrategy.htm ).


Australia launched its Commonwealth E-Procurement Strategy on April 000. It sets two goals


V The Commonwealth Government will pay all suppliers electronically by the end of 000.


V All simple procurement suppliers who wish to deal with the Commonwealth electronically, using open standards, will be able to do so by the end of 001.


Australia intends to transact 0% of our simple procurement transactions electronically by the end of 001.


Key elements of the Governments approach to e-commerce and paperless trading are


V Facilitating industry and consumer take-up


V Articulating the issues


V Getting the legal and regulatory framework right


V Leading by example through Government services online ¡V All appropriate government services are to be delivered online by 001


V Ensuring close collaboration between Federal and State agencies and industry.


Legal environment


The Governments general principles in relation to the development of the legal and regulatory environment are that the environment should


V encourage innovation and growth;


V be technology neutral, ie not favour one form of technology or IT business approach over another;


V provide for functional equivalence, ie online transactions will be treated similarly to offline transactions;


V provide at least the same level of protection for consumers engaged in electronic commerce as is provided for other forms of commerce;


V be nationally consistent across States and Territories; and


V be consistent with widely agreed international positions.


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Administrative environment


The Australian Government considers authentication and open standards as key priorities in facilitating paperless trading.


NEAC


Reflecting the importance of authentication to the progress of e-commerce, the Government has established the National Electronic Authentication Council (NEAC). The Council


V provides a national focal point on authentication matters including, where appropriate, co-ordination of authentication-related activities at a national and international level; provide advice to Government on authentication and related matters and monitor market developments in authentication;


V oversees the development by industry bodies and Standards Australia of a framework of technical standards and codes of business practice on authentication matters (including, as appropriate, promoting future interoperability between authentication systems) and provide policy advice to those processes;


V provides information and advice to industry and consumers on authentication issues such as a broad map of authentication technology types and best practice relating to electronic authentication which Australian organisations and companies will be encouraged to follow; and


V as the Government expands its delivery of services online, NEAC will facilitate the wider use of authentication products issued by Government agencies for other transactions.


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The Certification Forum of Australia (CFA)


The Certification Forum of Australia (www.aeema.asn.au/frames.cfm?main=divisions ) was formed on 4 August 18 to provide confidence in the security and authentication of electronic transactions. Membership includes major certification authorities (issuers of digital signatures), Government agencies and major likely users. Its objective is to provide a forum for industry participants to advance the co-operative development of a national infrastructure for trusted certification activities in Australia, in order to promote electronic commerce.


ABN Digital Signature Certificates


The Australian Business Number (ABN) is an 11 digit number, which identifies a business for dealings with the Australian Taxation Office, and for future dealings with other government departments and agencies. Businesses can also use the ABN to uniquely identify other businesses. The Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts is developing an ABN Digital Signature Certificate (ABN-DSC). This will increase Commonwealth agencies¡¦ ability to make transactions available online, particularly via the Business Entry Point, and help address the security and authentication concerns of businesses about electronic trading.


Standards


A key to the utilisation of open trading networks is the development of the information standards providing communication between ¡§any to any¡¨ systems. Considerable work has already been done in standards development in Australia.


Standards play an important role in the spread of e-commerce by establishing common platforms, ¡§languages¡¨ and protocols which are available to anyone to use, ensuring that systems are interoperable. The alternative is proprietary systems that are restricted to those willing to ¡§join the club¡¨ and will not necessarily be able to interact effectively with other proprietary systems.


Open standards, especially international ones, can have wide benefits because they are available universally, enabling many industries that interact to do so efficiently by adopting the same standards. For example, if all retailers used the same standards to identify their product lines, delivery arrangements, documentation, etc, others in the supply chain could use these, resulting in only one system that reduces costs and increases efficiency. These benefits could be shared by all participants such as transport companies, wholesalers, grocery suppliers, insurers and consumers.


NOIE has a neutral and objective role in promoting e-commerce throughout the economy and can play the role of ¡§honest broker¡¨ with industry groups to encourage them to cooperate. For example, Trucks Online ¡V National Road Transport Scoping Study (www.noie.gov.au/ecom/Home/Projects/Transport/Trucks_Online_Scoping_Study/trucks_online_scoping_study.html )recommended the Government promote e-commerce by mandating the use of open standards by government agencies. As a major purchaser from most sectors of the economy, such a policy would not only reduce the costs to government and its suppliers, but it would also encourage the use of these standards by suppliers in dealing with one another.


The Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service¡¦s (AQIS) Electronic Export Documentation System - EXDOC


The immediate and ongoing challenge for the Australian Government in relation to quarantine and inspection issues is to - (i) ensure the smooth and speedy transition of exporters of dairy, fish, grain and horticulture products onto the EXDOC system over the next eighteen months and - (ii) to further extend EXDOC to the livestock, wool, skins and hides and inedible meat commodity exporters as soon as is practicable, in order to deliver optimal running costs to our clients.


Financial and Banking environment


See above.


Business uptake


Electronic Government Procurement


As a major procurer in all sectors of the economy, government has an important role to play in encouraging business uptake of e-commerce. As a major user and customer, governments will be a significant catalyst for change, encouraging uptake by signalling its commitment to new technologies and supporting the development of a critical mass of users.


The Office of Government Online (OGO) (www.ogo.gov.au ) is currently working on four major projects in the electronic government procurement arena


V Government Tenders website - ensuring tender discoverability across all Australian jurisdictions


OGO is responsible for managing the development of a Government Tenders web site on the Business Entry Point (BEP). While there are currently links to all the separate government procurement websites on the Business Entry Point, the Australian Procurement and Construction Ministerial Council has commissioned development of a new facility which will allow users to search all tender information on public tenders released by the Commonwealth, State or Territory Governments through a single search on the Business Entry Point.


V Commonwealth Procurement Online by 000 (CPO 000)


The Office for Government Online is responsible for the CPO 000 project which aims to develop an implementation strategy for electronic procurement, encompassing purchasing and payment, for the Commonwealth Government. OGO is developing a detailed implementation strategy for electronic procurement (encompassing purchasing and payment). Expert consultancy advice has been used to identify and evaluate the options for the overall framework. In developing the strategy, OGO has consulted widely with Commonwealth agencies, suppliers and industry through interviews and workshops.


V Single Supplier Registration


The ability to register once as a potential supplier for the full range of government agencies (federal, state and eventually local) is an essential element to minimise the cost to SMEs when registering to deal with government. This is a two-phased project starting with phase one this financial year. This phase will scope the requirement for a single supplier registration database and will begin work on the development of data fields for the database. Subject to technical feasibility, the second phase will design, develop and implement a web-based process that will provide businesses a single location to register as a supplier to the Commonwealth Government. Government buyers will then be able to access the supplier database to obtain up-to-date information about suppliers, the type of goods and services they offer, links to catalogues, and their preferred way of conducting business.


V Standardised Remittance Advice


One of the major problems faced by SMEs when doing business with government electronically is tracking and reconciling payments with transactions. This arises because the only advice currently provided to identify payments is an 18 digit code. This project will draw on existing international standard document definitions (eg, UN/EDIFACT, ANSI X1) to determine the standard content of a remittance advice to accompany an electronic payment. Particular characteristics that the standard content will require are the


V ability to be linked unambiguously to specific payments on a bank statement to allow reconciliation of multiple and partial payments within a single transaction.


V ability to be presented in multiple formats, including but not limited to, facsimile, e-mail, and HTML, without loss of content, authority or efficacy.


V ability to be implemented at little or no cost in existing agency FMIS installations, preferably through standard government templates, where applicable.


4.Obstacles and Challenges


Please identify any major obstacles in your economy inhibiting progress on paperless trading in government and private sectors, including.


Legal environment


Requirements by businesses to provide paper documents.


The fact that even if businesses take up e-commerce they will still have to use paper documents for some transactions with some trading partners, detracts considerably from the benefits of investing in e-commerce. There are also some concerns over the security and authentication of electronic documents. The Bill of Lading is a prime example, even though authentication facilities (eg. electronic signatures and Bolero (www.bolero.net )) are now readily available. The expansion of the use of seaway bills could facilitate the take up of e-commerce.


Another example is the ¡¥invoice¡¦. Many principals will not accept electronic invoices and therefore prevent the ¡§total¡¨ business process from becoming electronic. This could be attributed to the business culture of trading nations and their belief that unless the original information in hardcopy is provided, the information could be suspect.


Administrative environment


Bandwidth


The National Bandwidth Inquiry was set up in December 18 to examine issues associated with bandwidth availability and pricing within Australia and to and from Australia. The final report is expected shortly and will be available on the Australian Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts website (www.dcita.gov.au ).


The primary timeframe for the report is the five-year period to 004, although many of the issues go beyond this period.


The main findings of the Inquiry to date are


V While technology changes will ensure Australia will have capacity in excess of requirements in most markets, the ownership of the capacity is very concentrated.


V The wholesale price of bandwidth is estimated to fall by up to 50 per cent per annum for the next 5 years on the intra-capital and inter-capital and other ¡§thick-route¡¨ markets.


V The move from uniform, averaged, distance dependent pricing structures will continue into the future; as a consequence areas with limited or no competition are likely to receive less of the benefits of lower prices.


V There is a paradigm shift from a voice circuit switched based technology to data IP based technology, which is changing the economics of communications services.


The discussion paper and other documentation may be obtained from the Whats New section of the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts Website www.dcita.gov.au .


User Confidence


One of the main barriers to paperless trading is user confidence reflected mainly in concerns surrounding the security and authenticity of online transactions. While these issues are being addressed, there are concerns that solutions to security and authentication issues developed in different jurisdictions and industry sectors may result in obstacles to e-commerce in general and paperless trading in particular. While the administrative environment in Australia is being developed with this in mind, there are concerns about interoperability when trading with other economies.


Financial and Banking environment


Electronic payment systems


Difficulties are still being experienced in developing an EDI payment system that will be taken up by all banks. Banks still rely on paper documents and unless there are electronic letter of credit facilities commercial transactions will continue to be impaired. The electronic payment system requires a global solution in order to assist local banks in making decisions as most are dependent on overseas banks or their headquarters. Australian industry is currently monitoring commercial initiatives such as the CCEWEB (www.ccex.org ) which is owned by a Canadian company. CCEWEB has developed an international secure payment and trade management system with products such as Letter of Credit Card, Documentary Clearance Centre and Electronic Bank Reference Form. The CCEWEB has been successful in Canada and the US and has the potential to be a global solution.


Business uptake


Cost of implementing E-Commerce


Cost has frequently been quoted (mainly by SMEs) as a major obstacle to the take up of e-commerce. This factor appears to relate mainly to the cost of traditional electronic data interchange (EDI) using Value Added Networks. However, the move to open standards and systems based on the internet has led to simpler and cheaper forms of EDI. This reinforces the importance of governments encouraging the use of open standards and systems in preference to proprietary systems.


Also, there are now facilities that can link EDI users with parties wishing to use less costly Internet web type solutions. Making potential users aware of these facilities is one of the major challenges to be addressed.


Understanding of E-Commerce


The biggest barrier to e-commerce applications is understanding what it means and what benefits it can create. Any initiatives need to focus on this aspect. Seminars on e-commerce have frequently been found to be too technical and too long for the smaller operators in the trade and transport sector. It is important that presentations focus on the benefits that can be gained through e-commerce and be designed for the particular audience in mind. It will also be important to determine strategic alliances amongst players in industry and foster proactive development of common systems for e-commerce.


Time


Time to implement e-commerce has been quoted as a barrier by small enterprises. It is therefore important to approach each trading partner differently and take into consideration their particular circumstances. Another barrier is the time taken to submit electronic information as opposed to their current method of submitting the information. It is difficult to encourage trading partners to change to an electronic method if the electronic method places additional workload and processes on the user.


Job loss


There appears to be a fear on the part of staff whose jobs depend mainly on handling paper documents and fear of the consequences of change from familiar ways of doing business. This is a social and management issue which can be overcome with appropriate opportunities for re-training for more productive jobs. It is also a short term phenomenon. A study commissioned by NOIE in Australia, E-Commerce Beyond 000 (www.noie.gov.au/beyond000 ) found that electronic commerce would increase employment over the long term.


5.Future Cooperation


Please identify specific issues or areas in which APEC cooperation might assist your economy in meeting the APEC Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce paperless trading goals.


Government Procurement and Government Services online


V As a major user and customer, governments will be a significant catalyst for change, encouraging uptake by signalling its commitment to new technologies and supporting the development of a critical mass of users. APEC economies could accelerate the development of electronic business systems to support paperless trading through commitments to


o Provide all government procurement-related processes on the internet within an agreed timeframe.


o Provide all appropriate government services on the internet within an agreed timeframe.


Risk Management


Movement to paperless trading implies moving to a risk management framework. This will involve the creation of electronic risk management procedures to facilitate automated targeting and profiling procedures based upon risk assessment to, for example, enable timely Customs alerts on high risk cargo and passengers. Risk management is being addressed in SCCP, but other subfora may wish to develop work programs, including technical assistance programs.


o There may be some scope for developing an APEC Best Practices Guide on risk management.


Single Electronic Windows


Streamlining clearances and issuance of certificates are essential to ensuring seamless processing of goods across the border. Single Electronic Windows are an important method of ensuring this. APEC subfora, especially the SCCP, could discuss development of single electronic windows to incorporate customs, quarantine and inspection and other relevant agencies.


o Australia would be interested in exchanging information and experiences with establishing single electronic windows and business entry points on the internet.


o Sanitary certification is an essential element of ensuring seamless processing of goods at the border and APEC could pursue streamlining of this process. The TPT-WG ¡§APEC paperless trading demonstration project¡¨ will create an opportunity for many APEC economies to trial SANCRT, a globally acceptable electronic certificate developed by Australia¡¦s AQIS and designed to remove the need for paper certificates where importing economies will accept it. A number of APEC economies are already involved in trials of SANCRT.


User Requirements for Open Standards and Systems


APEC should continue its work to highlight the benefits to be gained by users from open standards and systems to support interoperability.


o Relevant working groups could evaluate the early adoption of www-based technologies, particularly Extensible Markup Language (XML).


Authentication and Public Key Infrastructure


APEC should continue the work underway in the TEL Electronic Authentication Task Group (EATG) and its Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Interoperability Expert Group and could accelerate work on arrangements for cross border authentication.





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The book I chose to review is Fast Food nation the Dark Side of the American Meal. I do not think people can eat at fast food restaurants and not second-guess the quality and origin of their food after reading this book. Fast food Nation is by Eric Schlosser and was published in January of 001. The book goes into detail what consumers are really getting when they purchase a cheeseburger or other item from a fast food restaurant. The review that I formed some of my ideas from and also got another opinion comes from Andrew Roe, A journalist from the San Francisco Chronicle.


The book originally started out as a Rolling Stone magazine assignment. Eric was assigned to observe what goes on behind a fast food counter in the way food is prepared. He could not believe what he was about to find, and decided to inform the public in depth about it in this book.


Eric Schlosser studied the history of the fast food industry dating back to the 150’s. At that time it was not much of an industry at all, it was actually very small, but as it grew in the late 170’s and 80’s it became more of a concern. The industry is responsible for changing how livestock are raised and how our food is produced. It is also not far fetched to believe that fast food industries are responsible for driving our other industries down. The low wage pay, and high turnover productivity has rubbed off on some other industries in our economy today. And usually the people accepting low wage are the people who are unqualified to be fit for the job at hand, resulting in lower quality products.


This book really makes you think what you could possible be eating when you order a value meal at McDonald’s or Burger King. For me, I buy a cheeseburger at a local fast food place quite often not thinking that it is so unhealthy, just that I am not getting the “best quality meat.E I don’t think that my cheeseburger could contain E coli, or cow waste as I eat it. But after reading this book I may have different assumptions. As Schlosser describes the way the ground beef is processed, about one million pounds a day, the meat grinder could possible be containing manure from the cows.


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The book not only talks about the food of these fast food places, but the employees as well. This industry can be thought of as the most dangerous, and unrewarding workplace ever. When you think of it, how many people do you know that work at McDonalds and has benefits? They don’t, and the reason being is because they are usually scheduled to work less that the hours that would require McDonald’s to provide benefits. Fast food restaurants are also very likely targets to get hit by robberies. They always have cash, and are usually always doing good business resulting in a good “spotEfor criminals to hit. Also, an employee only getting paid minimum wage is kind of ridiculous when you think of how much profit these restaurants are making. Doing some further research, I found out that the average corporate bonus was $11,000 in 17. Schlosser says that a dollar raise in employee’s wages would only result in two cents raise in price of burgers. It goes to show you how these corporations have the best interest for their employees, and just how greedy they are. In my opinion, I feel they should be ashamed to sponsor events like the Olympics, and Ronald McDonald house when they can not even afford to give there employees above minimum wage. I highly doubt that a two cent raise in burger cost would affect there sales.


Something I found to be very interesting in the book is the target market of the fast food industry and how that might have an affect later in that markets life. Schlosser says how children are being targeted at as early as three with the “happy meals.E There are advertisements in school, and billboards everywhere you look. In some studies, they have found that toddlers can recognize logos, such as the “golden archesE before they an recognize there own names written down on a piece of paper. What is dangerous about this, Schlosser says, is that your eating habits are developed very early in your life. When you grow older your still going to have these craves, and habits, it’s just whether or not you give in to them. Obesity levels in the United States and fast food consumption go hand in hand for children over the past twenty years


The flavors you taste for the most part in fast food restaurants are not natural, rather artificial. Flavorists, found right here on the New Jersey turnpike, make the flavors found in almost every processed food. The beef and chicken taste you recognize while eating is just an imitation made up in some laboratory. I mean how could a cheeseburger taste like ground beef when as Schlosser puts it “there is shit in the meat.E Now I know artificial flavors should obviously make a food taste better, but how can I say that “shitEwith any flavor taste good. Schlosser studied one of these flavor factories that made chemicals such as colognes, as well as simulations of bananas, cherries, and shrimp. In one instance Schlosser sampled one of the aromas in one of the testing bottles and was almost positive that someone was cooking up burgers. The additives make it so that when you chew the food or when you drink it, it releases the smells in the chemical that make you think that you are eating the food that you are eating. It is not dangerous, Schlosser states, but just interesting how what you are actually eating is covered up by scents of what you think you are eating.


Another thing that is hurting the American people besides their health is the way the fast food chains are altering the agriculture. Fast food chains are the largest purchasers of meats, but there are only select few companies that supply them with it. Private farmers and small business ranchers are disappearing (Roe ).


After reading this book my opinion of fast food has changed dramatically. I came into reading this book thinking that I was just reading it for a grade. Now after completing it I have realized a lot about the fast food industry. I would recommend this Fast Food Nation to anyone thinking about having a fast food restaurant employ them. The findings in here might make you look elsewhere for your minimum starting salary. I would also strongly recommend this book to anyone in question of what they think they are eating at fast food restaurants. I do not think Eric Schlosser is trying to make you take a side either for or against fast food; he is just trying to inform you his findings through his research of the fast food industry. You can base your decision on his informative descriptions of what goes on in the fast food industry.








Eric Schlossers studied polemic against the global fast food industry is a welcome contribution to many high profile issues currently being debated in the Western democracies. Its focus on the deleterious long-term impact of fast food on US society, health and working conditions is well written and symptomatic of the current public agnosticism over the benefits of unregulated corporatism and global capitalism in general.


Schlossers narrative begins in developing California with an analysis of the dynamic impact of the McDonald brothers new fast food preparation techniques and their rapid adoption throughout the US. His history of this much-maligned corporation moves on to cover its impact on the potato-growing, beef-grinding and slaughterhouse industries. However, he does not focus purely on the noxious habits of the Golden Arches but broadens his discussion to explain how the artificial flavouring industry ensures that much fast food actually tastes good, whatever the quality of its ingredients, and to debate the hotly talked about issue - at least in the UK - of public health and general food regulation.


The guilty parties in Schlossers analysis are clearly identified. They are the corporations that lobby governments to loosen the regulatory framework against the public interest and that routinely practice unsafe and unfair employment policies. The laissez faire Reagan administrations are lambasted for their faith in the self-regulating industry they encouraged and for capitulating to the deep-pockets of the food company lobbyists who funded many a Republican campaign. It was the combination of these dynamics which, for example, allowed ground beef companies to distribute E. coli-infected produce across Central America and not inform the public when infected goods were withdrawn from sale. The law does not even require them to follow this withdrawal process, nor can they even be forced to do so by Federal authorities.


Schlossers book is not an angry diatribe, but an analysis designed to aid informed consumer choices. This reviewer in particular has nothing against corporate profit-making and is not inherently concerned when small agricultural operators go out of business when no longer profitable. Production methods change and people must change with them. Moreover, if people want cheap and homogeneous fast food then theres nothing wrong with market responses to this demand. However, when the market is skewed in favour of the corporates such that the public cannot make informed decisions and health is threatened, then something is clearly wrong with public regulatory processes.


Fast Food Nation is a sweeping history of post-war US consumerism and offers a vision of a nightmare America juxtaposed against the traditional American dream. The flip sides of untrammelled prosperity are the slaughterhouse workers whose injury compensation claims are vetoed by their employers independent doctors and the numerous food poisoning cases caused partly by the lack of independent inspections of meat production facilities and partly by the lack of food tracking processes in the distribution firms. This book will be an eye-opener for anyone who wants to know why their lifestyle is what it is.


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Executive Summary


There has been numerous contradictory theoretical and empirical research conducted about first mover advantages. The paper examines the existence of first mover advantages, the potential first mover advantages and disadvantages, and the influence of environment on entry strategy. Strategic management decisions need to be based upon the potential first mover advantages and disadvantages, and within the context of industry environment coupled with an assessment of the firm individual resources and capabilities, to ensure that their chosen entry strategy will lead to sustainable competitive advantage.


Introduction


First movers or market pioneering is when a firm “proactively creates or is the first to enter a new product market arena that others have not recognised or actively sought to exploit.” [Covin, Slevin, & Heeley 000 177] First mover advantage refers to the notion that the initial occupant of a strategic position gains access to resources and capabilities that a follower has difficulty matching. [Grant 18 184] Furthermore, pioneers, hope to achieve a basis for sustainable competitive advantage through their early or first mover entry strategy. Much of the past theoretical and empirical research indicates that the one or two firms that emerge as the industry leaders tend to be among the first to enter the industry. A large amount of the academic literature explores the extent to which entry order determines market share. [Miller, Gartner & Wilson 18, Mueller 17] Lieberman and Montgomery [10] as well as Mueller [17] highlight the existence of first mover advantages through identifying and categorising these sources. There is contradictory theoretical and empirical research on whether it is more effective strategically to pioneer or to follow. More recent entry strategy research emphasizes that achieving high performance involves much more than the choice to pioneer or to follow, but rather that the competitive tactics associated with pioneering and following can have “a strong impact on the ultimate effectiveness of the market entry order decision.” [Kerin, Varadarajan & Peterson 1 17] That is, for a successful pioneering and following strategy, the competitive tactics must fit the chosen market entry order strategy. [Covin, Slevin, & Heeley 000 177] Covin et al. highlights the crucial impact environmental conditions have upon success of pioneering or following tactics and entry order. Therefore the “best tactical determinants and discriminators of performance for pioneers and followers will likely vary with the environment.” [Covin, Slevin, & Heeley 000 177] Entry strategy decisions must be assessed on the basis of potential first mover advantages and disadvantages, the firm’s individual resources and capabilities, and within the industry environment, in the hope of creating sustainable competitive advantage. (Appendix Two)


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Do First Mover Advantages exist?


Pioneering advantages appear to exist empirically. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 4]


However, pioneer advantage is not automatic, nor permanent, but a “head start”. [Cahill 167] Mueller [17 87] claims that “one of the empirical regularities of a product or industry’s lifecycle is that the one or two firms that eventually emerge as the industry leaders tend to be among the first to enter the industry.” Numerous studies have analysed the positive correlation between market pioneering and firm performance. Golder and Tellis [1] study lead to the conclusion that early market leaders (not necessarily pioneers) have a greater long-term success; those in their sample entered an average of 1 years later than the pioneers. Their results showed that close to half of the market pioneers in their sample of 500 brands in 50 product categories failed and that the survivors average market share is lower than that found in other studies. Robinson and Fornell’s research based on PIMS data showed that “on average market share advantages accrue to pioneers and early followers in both industrial and consumer goods.” [185 7] Furthermore, their results highlighted the advantage appears to be more substantial for consumer goods, based on differences in market share between pioneers and late movers, or in terms of the “statistical contribution of entry order to the explanation of market share differences.” [Robinson & Fornell 185 7] Many prior research including Carpenter and Nakamoto’s [18] study have shown that it is possible for pioneers to dominate a strategic position for decades. However, contradictory research does exist, in particular Schnaars’s [14] thesis. Schnaars’s study defined pioneer as a firm introducing a product to the market up to and including the first to sell it successfully and found that pioneer advantage does not exist. [14 14] Schnaars studied 8 product cases where the pioneer failed to hold a long-term market leader position. (Appendix 1) Furthermore Schnaars analysed several academic articles of pioneer advantage, and concluded that due to the flawed nature of the articles, which tend to be theoretical or experimental, it is better to be “fast second” than a pioneer. [Schnaars 1417] Schnaars work has been criticised for definitional and methodological problems, though his research shows that in some circumstances, later entrants can possess the ability to dominate the market. [Cahill 16 7] The majority of theoretical and empirical research appears to indicate the existence of first mover advantages; the issue is to define the potential advantages and disadvantages, and most importantly, the implications of these findings for strategic management.


Sources of First Mover Advantage


Theoretical and empirical research highlights several main sources of competitive advantage for first movers. Mueller (17) studied the nature of first mover advantage in terms of supply and demand, in order to account for the differences in performance across firms. Mueller (17) identified four demand related advantages; set up and switching costs, network externalities, buyer inertia due to habit formation, and buyer inertia due to uncertainty over quality. Furthermore Mueller identified three supply related advantages for the first mover as network externalities, scale economies and economies of learning. [Mueller 17 88]


Lieberman and Montgomery [10 6] identified the three key sources of first mover advantage as proprietary technology, pre-emption of resources and the ability to lock in customers through switching costs. First movers can gain and sustain competitive advantage with a new product or process technology provided that it can remain proprietary through patents, copyrights or secrecy for a reasonable period of time. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 6] The second source of potential competitive advantage for the first mover is the potential to pre-empt late entrants by acquiring resources at relatively low cost. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 ] There is the potential to acquire a broad range of key resources including; input resources, geographic space, product characteristics space, marketing and distribution channels, consumers perceptual space, filling production differentiation niches, and plants and equipment. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10] Lastly Lieberman & Montgomery [10] highlight the ability to lock in customers through switching costs associated with supplier specific learning by the buyer, contractual switching costs, uncertainty of buyers regarding product quality and therefore risk aversion, as well as compatibility advantages. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 6]





First Mover Disadvantages (or Late Mover Advantages)


There is the potential for advantages for late movers, as shown the large number of first movers who failed initially or were later overtaken by competitors. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 17] These late mover advantages can also been viewed as First Mover disadvantages. Pioneers face two primary areas of potential disadvantage, uncertainty over demand and uncertainty over technology. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ]


Pioneer Uncertainty over Demand


Pioneers face considerable demand uncertainty. Pioneers do not know the potential size of the market, how fast it will grow, the potential market segments, the keys success factors, or the most effective distribution channels. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] This presents an advantage for late movers, in that they are able to base their decisions on industry demand and characteristics.


Furthermore, the uncertainty for late movers is reduced because they are able to learn for pioneer’s mistakes. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] An example of this is when Toyota was preparing to enter the American market, they surveyed the customers of Volkswagen, who were the market leader of small cars, and then used the information to identify the needs of the market. [Lieberman & Montgomery 188 41] The late follower can use the access to superior information to better assess the key success factors as well as the attractiveness of the market and opportunity for niches within the market. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ]


Pioneer face the potential problem of underestimating the demand for a product, which invites new entry to the market. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] This occurred in the personal computer and calculator industries in their early stages of development. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ]


Pioneers face demand uncertainty in that customer taste and preferences may change with market evolution. Customer needs are dynamic which creates opportunities for later entrants unless the pioneer is observant and able to respond. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 1] Changing tastes of customers can arise because superior choices become available, customers demand new uses, or because other factors reduce the customers willingness to pay the price that the first mover is offering. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] The pioneer must be alert to these subtle changes and be able to respond, or a later entrant has the potential to enter the market and better satisfy the “newly evolved market demands.” [Golder & Tellis 1, Keeley, Knapp & Rothe 16]


In addition, demand uncertainty can occur due to changes in the regulatory environment. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] An example of this is the deregulation of financial markets, which led to new investment products. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ]


The implications for strategic management are that first movers have access to more advantages when demand is fairly stable or predictable. However, when demand is unstable, the first mover disadvantages may outweigh advantages, and therefore the decision to follow may prove more desirable. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4]


Pioneer Uncertainty over Technology


Pioneers face the risk when choosing a new technology that alternate and superior technologies will emerge or that their technology will fail to perform as expected. [Aaker & Day 186, Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18] The ultimate value of the investment in technology relies on the firm’s ability to accurately predict the evolution of technological developments. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 18] Pioneers face two strategic decisions in relation to technological uncertainty. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4] Firstly, the decision regarding when to commit to commercialise an innovative technology. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4] Secondly, how to reduce the threat of entry from alternative technologies or products. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4]


A pioneer faces the decision of when to invest to commercialise a new technology or product. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4] If the pioneer commits too soon, the technology may not perform as expected, or may be quickly surpassed by superior technology. On the other hand, if the pioneer commits too late, a competitor may beat them to the position of pioneer, and therefore lose the potential for first mover advantages. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4]


Pioneers must also decide when the technology or product is ready to move to market. It is difficult to foresee when new products from outside the pioneer’s context could render their product obsolete. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4] Furthermore, “few entrepreneurs would have the depth of competencies to adjust to a threat from an entirely new technology.” [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4]


Late followers benefit from a reduction of technology related risks of entry compared to the pioneer. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 4] Research and development and “learning based advances diffuse to competitors” through avenues such as employees, suppliers, contractors and consultants. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 16] Imitation is less costly than innovation in most industries; therefore later entrants usually possess a cost advantage in lower research and development expenditures. [Cahill 16 8]


Late movers can learn from pioneers research and development by reverse engineering the product and by observing the pioneers actions. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 5] Late Movers also have the opportunity to employ key personnel from the pioneer firm, and can therefore avoid training costs as well as gaining inside information. [Lieberman & Montgomery 10 17]


However, being a late entrant does not eliminate all risks of technological uncertainty. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 5] Peters and Waterman (18) suggest that ‘excellent’ companies are better able to meet the needs of customers by the deciding to wait until more information is available about the stability of key success factors rather than pioneering with unproven technology. The “intuition” is that followers can learn from pioneer’s mistakes. [Aaker & Day 186, Carpenter & Nakamoto 18, Prahalad and Hamel 10, Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18]


The implications for strategic management are that first mover advantages are more likely when technology is stable and relatively predictable. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 5] First mover disadvantages may outweigh advantages if technology is unstable, and it is “difficult to foresee the direction of change.” [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 5]


Different Industry Environments and Influence on Entry Strategy


Past theoretical research indicates that pioneering is an environment specific phenomenon. [Covin, Slevin, & Heeley 000 175] Covin et al. (000 175) examined the theory that certain types of environments are more conducive to pioneering actions, where as, in different industries these actions may have limited success. Covin et al. (000 175) theory is that “competitive tactics that are expected to best predict growth among pioneers or followers in one environmental context (eg hostile or benign environments) will not necessarily be unrelated to growth among this same type of firm in the other environmental context.” In hostile environments, Covin et al. (000 178) propose that both pioneers and followers will “differentially benefit in achieving high sales growth rates from their reliance on relatively high prices, relatively broad product lines, relatively broad geographical markets, relatively advanced process technologies, and relatively advantageous purchasing arrangements.” [000 181] In benign environments, Covin et al. (000 18) propose that pioneers and followers will “differentially benefit in achieving high sales growth rates from their reliance on relatively high quality products, relatively strong product warranties, relatively strong product warranties, relatively high advertising and promotion expenditures, relatively strong control over distribution channels employed, and relatively large numbers of distribution channels employed.” [000 186] Covin et al. (000 187) concluded from their literature review and theoretical assertions that the implementation of effective pioneering and following strategies may require unique environment specific tactics. In hostile environments, pioneering can be used to “break out of the dominant price based mode of competition” due to the uniqueness of their product, and therefore grow despite “charging high prices.” [Covin Slevin, & Heeley 000 0] Furthermore, for pioneers in benign environments, it is suggested that offering superior warranties and utilizing large numbers of distributors somewhat positively affect sales growth. [Covin Slevin, & Heeley 000 04]


Followers in hostile environments should endeavour to reduce their cost structures so as to effectively maintain low price strategies. [Covin Slevin, & Heeley 000 04] The successful follower will be the firm with the most competitive price and a low cost structure. This leads to the conclusion that the use of advanced process technologies will support follower’s growth. [Covin Slevin, & Heeley 000 04]


The implications of Covin et al. (000 0) research for strategic management is that the effective implementation of pioneering and following strategies may different tactics in different environments.


Conclusion


There has been much theoretical and empirical research conducted about first mover advantages. Pioneers, hope to achieve a basis for sustainable competitive advantage through their early or first mover entry strategy. [Covin Slevin, & Heeley 000 177] Theoretical and empirical research highlights several main sources of competitive advantage for first movers. [Mueller 17 88] Lieberman and Montgomery [10 6] identified the three key sources of first mover advantage as proprietary technology, pre-emption of resources and the ability to lock in customers through switching costs. Pioneers face two primary areas of potential disadvantage, uncertainty over demand and uncertainty over technology. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 ] Pioneers face considerable demand uncertainty and technological uncertainty. The implications for strategic management are that first mover advantages are more likely when technology and demand are stable and relatively predictable. [Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley 18 5] Pioneers and followers competitive tactics should be selected within the environmental context of their industry. [Covin, Slevin & Heeley 000 177] Strategic management decisions for position of entry should take into account the potential advantages and disadvantages of pioneering and ensure that they possess the necessary resources and capabilities to develop and protect a sustainable competitive advantage in their chosen entry position in their environment and industry.





Appendix 1 Product markets where imitators succeeded pioneers


Schnaars, S.P. (14), Managing Imitation Strategies, The Free Press, New York, USA.


5 mm cameras


Automated Teller Machines


Ballpoint pens


Caffeine-free soft drinks


CAT Scanners


Commercial jet aircraft


Computerized ticketing services


Credit/Charge cards


Diet Soft drinks


Dry beer


Food processors


Light beer


Mainframe computers


Microwave ovens


Money-market mutual funds


Magnetic Resonance Imaging


Non alcoholic beer


Personal computer operating systems


Paperback books


Pocket calculators


Projection TV


Spreadsheets


Telephone answering machines


Video Cassette Recorders


Videogames


Warehouse clubs


Word-processing software


Appendix Two � First Mover vs. Follower Decisions


Lieberman, M.B. and Montgomery, D.B. (10), “To pioneer or follow? strategy of entry order”, in Glass, H. (Ed), Handbook of Business Strategy, (nd Ed) Warren, Gorham and Lamont Publishing, New York.


Reference List


1. Aaker, D.A., and Day, G.S. (186) “The perils of high growth markets,” Strategic Management Journal, 7 40-41.


. Cahill, D.J., (16) “Pioneer advantage is it real? Does it matter?” Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 14 5 � 8.


. Carpenter, G.S. and Nakamoto, K. (18), “Consumer preference formation and pioneering advantage,” Journal of Marketing Research, August, pp 85�8.


4. Covin, J.G., Slevin, D.P., and Heeley, M.B. (000) “Pioneers and followers Competitive tactics, environment and firm growth,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15 175 -10


5. Golder, P.N. and Tellis, G.J. (1) “Pioneer advantage marketing logic or marketing legend?” Journal of Marketing Research, May pp. 158�170.


6. Grant, R.M., (18) Contemporary strategy analysis, Blackwell Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.


7. Keeley. R. H., Knapp, R., and Rothe, J.T. (16) High tech vs. non high tech, venture capital vs. non venture capital sorting out the effects. Proceedings Frontiers of Entreprenuership Research.


8. Kerin, R.A., Varadarajan, R.P., and Peterson, R.A. (1) “First mover advantage a synthesis, conceptual framework, and research propositions.” Journal of Marketing, 56 -5.


. Lieberman, M.B. and Montgomery, D.B. (188) “First mover advantages.”, Strategic Management Journal, 41-58.


10. Lieberman, M.B. and Montgomery, D.B. (10), “To pioneer or follow? strategy of entry order”, in Glass, H. (Ed), Handbook of Business Strategy, (nd Ed) Warren, Gorham and Lamont Publishing, New York.


11. Miller, A., Gartner, W. B., and Wilson, R., (18) “Entry order, market share and competitive advantage a study of their relationships in new corporate ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing, 4 17-0.


1. Mueller, D.J., (17) “First mover and path dependence”, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15 87-850.


1. Peters, T.J. and Waterman, R.H., 18 In search of excellence. Harper and Row, New York.


14. Prahalad, C.K., and Hamel, G. (10) “The Core Competence of the Corporation.”, Harvard Business Review, 0 7-.


15. Robinson W.T. and Fornell, C. (185) “The sources of market pioneering advantages in consumer goods industries.” Journal of Marketing Research, vol , August, pp7-04.


16. Schnaars, S.P. (14), Managing Imitation Strategies, The Free Press, New York, USA.


17. Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E., and Shanley, M. (18) “Pioneer performance timing of entry, demand uncertainty and technological uncertainty.” NEED TO FIND EXTRA HERE � Available www.sbaer.uca.edu/Research/18/ICSB/t00.html


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