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Brutuss comment on the impending battle of Philippi is more precisely true than he realizes this same day must end that work the ides of March begun. Indeed the inevitable results of the process initiated on the Ides of March.


All the conspirators acknowledge that Caesar has avenged himself on them. Those who died by the sword died not just by any sword, but by the very same sword. Brutus exclaims, O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet! Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swords into our own proper entrails. As he dies, Brutus calls on Caesars spirit to be still. Historically, Caesars spirit, as Shakespeare well knew, was not pacified by the death of Brutus. Octavius has already shown that he is every inch a Caesar.Not only Octavius, but Brutus too has been transformed into a little Caesar. Caesars ghost introduces himself to Brutus as thy evil spirit. Even if the ghost had not given us this huge clue, Shakespeare has made it clear that Brutus is becoming everything he feared Caesar would be. Comparisons are drawn between Brutus and Caesar even before Brutus has committed himself to the conspiracy. In act , Brutus spends a sleepless night in the orchard, and this is followed by a lovely scene with his wife Portia; in the very next scene Caesar is awakened by Calpurnias cries, and Caesar and Calpurnia discuss whether he should go to the Senate. These domestic scenes, unusual in the political-military world of Julius Caesar, create an early suspicion that Brutus and Caesar are living parallel lives.


Brutuss transformation into a Caesar begins from the moment he agrees to aid the conspirators. He immediately takes charge, dismissing the counsel of his fellows with little consideration. Brutus has become precisely what he feared Caesar would become Having attained the topmost rung of the ladder, he now scorns the base degrees by which he did ascend. Brutuss domineering leadership of the conspiracy is most obvious in his argument with Cassius in Act 4, scene . Condemning Cassius for writing letters in support of Lucius Pella, whom Brutus found guilty of accepting bribes, Brutus charges Cassius with accepting bribes himself. When Cassius threatens him, he responds,


“There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats/For I am armd so strong in honesty/That they pass by me as the idle wind/Which I respect not”. Brutuss inflated sense of virtue and honesty, and the feeling of invulnerability that results from it, resonate with nearly everything Caesar utters in the play. Most ironically of all, the conspirators daggers interrupt a speech in which Caesar compares himself with the northern star which of all the stars doth hold his place.


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Metallica. Nicknamed by fans the “Godfathers of Rock” (Metallica), the mere mention of this name puts a smile on every heavy metal fan’s face. They were the ones that started it all. If you look at Metallica, you see not only one of the most influential bands of all time, but you also see five men who have struggled through many tribulations; from failure to death, they have seen and experienced it all. From beginning to present, this influential band known as Metallica has inspired the world of heavy metal and helped mold rock into what we know it today.


The beginning of Metallica was all started with two teenage “metal-heads” named Lars Ulrich and James Hetfield. James Hetfield, after seeing an ad placed in the local newsletter “The Recycler” for wanting to start a band from Lars, contacted him and they both got to work (Jameson 1). They did not have much to start out with, it was Lars playing drums, and James Hetfield playing guitar and providing vocals, all done on a cheap tape recorder. Ron McGoveny, housemate and old school friend of James, eventually joined the band as the new bass players, and another friend of James, Dave Mustaine, took up lead guitar (Jameson 1). All the while, Ron McGoveny, was having second thoughts of the band, and was eventually replaced by Cliff Burton. Former member of local San Francisco band “Trauma”, he was asked by James and Lars to join, and Ron left of his own free will. The band had previously recorded a demo titled “No Life till Leather” with Ron, which they released and hit big in New York (Jameson 1). They were asked to go and play some shows, and to record a full album, to which they agreed to do. However, once they arrived, they announced they kicked guitarist Dave Mustaine out of the band, mainly because of his large drinking problem. James’ roadie at the time, Mark Whitakker, knew of a guitar player, Kirk Hammett of local San Francisco band “Exodus”, and on April 1st, 18, he was the new official replacement of Dave Mustaine. Around September of that year, Metallica had finally released its first album, “Kill `Em All” (Jameson 1).


In 184, Metallica finally released their first album after stunning the world with their first. This second LP, titled “Ride the Lightning”, was the first heavy metal band to start off a track with acoustic guitar, after which many other bands followed suit and took the idea (Winston 1). After much success, although never making it to mainstream radio, the LP went gold and spent 50 weeks of Billboard’s Top 00 (Winston 1). Just two years later, Metallica released their third LP, titled “Master of Puppets”. Most fans when asked the question, “Which is your favorite Metallica CD?” will answer this one (Metallica). This album came to be known as the more “thrash-metal” album, with more “inexorable, intense, melodic sounds.” (Winston). A million copies in the U.S. are sold in merely a week, even with no hit singles or music videos released. What could ever go wrong with Metallica now? Unfortunately, while touring Europe for the first time, while on an icy road in Sweden, Metallica’s tour bus skidded off a patch of ice and bassist Cliff Burton died instantly (Winston 1). Metallica continued to exist, though, with Lars stating, “Cliff would have been the first one to be pissed off if we didn’t.” (Winston 1) And the band did move on, only a few weeks later, they had replaced Cliff Burton with a new bassist, Jason Newsted, who was rumored to have been picked out of 40 auditions because he could keep up with Metallica’s drinking habits, “Beer and Metallica is like cereal and milk, they just mix so perfectly,” says James Hetfield (Metallica). After finally returning home from Europe, with the world still mourning Cliff Burton’s death but rejoicing that Metallica would continue to be, Metallica released an EP, “Garage Days Revisited”, a collection of cover songs from some of their favorite bands. In 188, Metallica released the VHS titled “Cliff `Em All”, a tribute to their lost friend, and also providing a short documentary on the band (Winston 1). The same year, Metallica released their fourth LP, “…And Justice for All”. Sales for this album are higher than for any in the past, and two hit singles are finally released onto mainstream music, “One” and “Harvester of Sorrow.” A music video is made for “One”, something they had never done before, and they begin their world tour, “playing 10 arena gigs in the U.S. alone,” (Jameson 1). The year is now 11, and Metallica has released their fifth self-titled LP, which fans came to give the name “The Black Album”, which came encased in a completely black CD case and CD booklet. Longtime fans at this time began to question Metallica, because of the albums shorter, yet fuller and deeper songs (Jameson 1). For several weeks, the album came to be number one in countries all over the world and stayed there for weeks on end. Following suit from “…And Justice for All”, they released several singles including “Enter Sandman”, “Nothing Else Matters”, and “Unforgiven”, and won a Grammy for best album, as well as snagging some MTV and American Music Awards, causing some fans to say they sold out, to which James replies “No rules but Metallica rules. Here it is, black sleeve, black logo, fuk you,” (Winston ). Time has past and it’s now been five years since Metallica has released an album and the world is beginning to wonder, “What has happened to Metallica?” They then stun the world by finally releasing their sixth LP, “Load”, which “had songs that were loose and more powerful”. They actually recorded two CD’s worth of songs. A year later, they released their seventh LP “Re-Load”, a follow up to “Load”, which contained the other half of the songs they could not fit onto the first CD (Winston ). Fans at this time, if not having questioned Metallica at the release of “The Black Album”, began to question them now. Many claimed they “sold out”, because they had now cut their hair to short length, the vocal styles were altered completely along with the guitar riffs, and the band had become more mainstream, even filming a music video that cost them well over $1,000 (Metallica). One of the main reasons was the vocal changes. During their first two albums, the vocals were considered by many as not “top of the line”, where it was mainly talking out loud but with some melody. During their three next albums, the vocals became more heavy and well-defined. During this period is where most Metallica fans remember James Hetfield’s trademark voice from. Then, after their “Black Album”, James took on a more “country” voice, adding more epic tones and longer note holds, while maintaining a deeper, more baritone sort of voice. Many fans then lost interest, but the true Metallica fans stayed on, hoping the old Metallica might return some day (Metallica). The year is 18 and Metallica releases their eighth LP, titled “Garage Inc.”, which is a compilation of unused songs from the band, along with covers of their favorite bands. A couple years have past by and it’s now April of 1, together with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, they played their old songs along with two new ones with the orchestra backing up to a large audience in San Francisco (Jameson ). They released their ninth LP later that year in November, titled “S&M”, which was a recording of the two night’s live performance (Winston ). The world was then in shock in the year 000, when bassist Jason Newsted announced he was leaving Metallica, due to the emotional and physical stress it was all causing him. Metallica was then without a bass player for three years, until in April of 00, they recruited former Ozzy Osbourne bassist Rob Trujillo as a new member of the Metallica family. Metallica is scheduled to release their already recorded tenth LP, “St. Anger”, on June 10th of this year (Metallica).


Even a band as great as Metallica started out looking up to the other bands out there. For James Hetfield, that band was Aerosmith (Metallica). Even as a child, he adored the band, being known as a total “Steven Tyler freak” (Metallica). Loving Steven Tyler’s singing style and the guitar riffs the band provided, he had to choose between becoming a vocalist and a guitarist, until he decided, “Why not both?” (Metallica). For Kirk Hammett and Lars Ulrich, their inspiration came from local New York band Diamond Head. This had inspired both Lars and Kirk to take up drums and guitar (respectively) (Metallica). The entire band seems to find inspiration in them as well, as they played some shows with them in the beginning of their career, as well as doing many cover songs on their EP “Garage Days Revisited” and their eighth LP “Garage Inc.” As for emotional influences, James Hetfield finds his inspiration for writing lyrics in the things he has both seen and experienced. The most influential album, according to the man himself, was “Master of Puppets”, which deals about songs from drug addiction to the control governments have over their people. Metallica has also inspired many bands out in the world today, even on the mainstream (Metallica). Blink 18 drummer Travis Barker himself admitted at the “MTV Icon � Metallica” showing that when he picked up his first Metallica album as a kid, it inspired him to take up drums. The mere mention of Metallica’s name to any band out there will have them bowing their heads in respect.


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There is not one person who hears the name Metallica, and does not know of them. They are respected as one of the most influential bands out there, giving heavy metal a boost into the mainstream, and showing the world how “rough” they can be while still singing about thoughtful things that matter. Metallica truly did earn the name of the “Godfathers of Rock”.





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Investigation of effect of resistance using an electrical current on wires


Aim


I am going to be studying the resistance of wire. The purpose of this investigation is to see how length and thickness of wire affect the dependent variable, resistance.


Prediction


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I predict that the longer the piece of wire, the greater the resistance will be. This is due to the idea of the free moving electrons being resisted by the atoms in the wire. In a longer piece of wire, there would be more atoms for the electrons to collide with and so the resistance would be greater. The relationship between the wire length and the resistance should be directly proportional. This is because in a wire twice the length of another wire there would be double the amount of atoms causing the resistance.


Hypothesis


Electrons bumping into ions cause resistance. If the length of the wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many ions so there should be double the resistance. But also twice as many electrons getting through twice as many gaps.


Apparatus


1- Power pack supply of at least 1V


-A variable resistor


-A digital voltmeter


4-Circuit wires


5-Nichrome wire


6-A meter ruler


7-crocodile clips


8-Sellotape


Some variables that will be relevant to this investigation are


Length


Thickness


Temperature


Voltage


Resistance


Method


I started the experiment by taping a meter ruler between the terminal blocks so that I could measure 100cm of nichrome wire. I made sure that the wire was carefully tightened at both ends to try to minimise the kinks or twists in the wire. I then switched on the lab pack supply and adjusted the variable resistor until a constant current of 0.6V was flowing through the circuit. I then recorded the corresponding voltage reading that was displayed on the digital voltmeter. I repeated this procedure using different lengths ranging from 0-100cm and adjusting the variable resistor until 0.6V was flowing through the circuit. After recording the corresponding voltage readings for each length and putting them into a table I decided to repeat the whole experiment again another time so that I could take the average voltmeter reading for each length. I then plotted a graph of the length of the wire against average resistance and used it to calculate the resistance nichrome where the average resistance can be calculated using the relation between them.


We did preliminary tests to ensure that the wire did not get too hot. If the wire got too hot, energy would be given off, as heat, and the resistance would be increased.


We will use this equation for the results


V/I = R or


V - volts


I - current


R � resistance


1. Set apparatus up as shown





. Set the power pack on as low a voltage as possible. (So that there is not too high a current passing through the circuit.)


. Place the 10 cm of nichrome between the two crocodile clips to complete the circuit.


4. Turn on the lab pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter read.


5. Replace the 10 cm of wire with the 0 cm of nichrome remembering to keep the voltage the same. Turn on your power pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter says.


6. Change the wire to the 40 cm of nichrome wire and repeat the experiment.


7. Work out the resistance for all the results using Ohms law. V = IR


8. Record your results in a graph.


Results











Conclusion


My hypothesis was correct. The longer the wire, the higher the resistance.


Ohms law states that the current flowing through the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied. (If you double one, you double the other.)


I worked out the resistance of the wires by using the formula


V/I = R or


This happens because of the electrons that flow through the wire. These electrons travel at a steady pace, when they come to a different piece of wire, they have to slow down in order to be able to pass. (This is why the current differs). While moving through the wire, the electrons need to squeeze together. This is because there is not enough room/space for them to pass evenly through. The more the electrons have to bump together then the higher the resistance. This is because it will take longer for them to pass from one side of the wire to the other side. This is because the current is slowed down. (The longer the wire, the longer the electrons have to stay squashed together, and so the longer they take to pass through the wire and the higher the resistance. The material of the wire makes a difference because it is harder for electrons to pass through some materials than it is for them to pass through others. (Some wires cause the electrons to bump together more than others.)


The graphs that compare the length of the wire to the resistance it gives travels in a straight line through the origin. This means that the size of the length is directly proportional to the resistance it gives. I can work out the gradient of this line by dividing the height of the line by the width. (Gradient = height/width)





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The wearing of uniforms is a greatly discussed issue, especially since we now know that it is a distinct possibility the London District Separate School Board will adopt a uniform policy in the coming years. Uniforms will give our school a more mature and serious look, as well as projecting a positive image to the community. Uniforms will instill a sense of pride and discipline in students, and promote a sense of respect and security.


School is a place to learn. Many students take advantage of class time as a time to goof off and talk with friends. If you were in uniform, you might start to treat teachers with the respect they deserve. You might even begin to treat fellow students and yourself with that same respect that is so lacking in our schools today. Just as you act mature when you dress up to go to a semi-formal dance, dressing in a uniform every day will force us to act like adults.


You might say that you don’t want to dress the same as everyone else every day. Well, you won’t have to. Uniforms have more options than you may think. There are kilts, pants, shorts, blouses, dress shirts, rugby shirts, golf shirts, sweaters and cardigans. These will all be in our school colours, and likely will have the CCH crest on it. Most uniform policies will allow you to choose your own footwear and, of course, there will be ‘casual days’ when students will be allowed to choose their own attire.


Uniforms will eliminate the invisible boundaries between the different social classes in our schools. There will be no distinguishing between the rich and poor when everyone is wearing the same style of clothes. School uniforms would help a lot of people fit in better at school. You couldnt be prejudiced about what you wear anymore. Also, school uniforms would save you money. You would only have to buy parts of the uniform once or twice a year, and then you would have the rest of your money to spend on whatever you want.


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School uniforms are cost effective. The average price for an entire uniform, which you could wear for the duration of your high school career, (provided, of course, you don’t grow out of it!) is under $400. Compare this to pairs of designer jeans, and three tops, anywhere from $50 up, which you might buy every year. Not to mention that the uniform will last for many years, and when you grow out of it, it can be sold, or you could pass it down to siblings. Uniforms eliminate the need for new clothes every year.


For families who may have trouble affording the uniform, they can purchase the used uniforms of graduating students, or students who are leaving the school for any number of reasons. Reasonable payment plans may be available. They may be able to rely on the generosity of graduating students who opt to donate their uniforms back to the school when the leave.


Wearing uniforms has been proven to remarkably reduce incidences of school violence. Crimes in the school decrease from 50 to 60 percent on average. Often, someone not wearing the latest fashion or the coolest designer label is the target of violence and discrimination. Granted, the number of crimes in CCH is fairly low compared to that of schools in the United States, but they still occur. If you are wearing something not deemed ‘in’ by a certain clique, they may stare you down in the halls or gossip about you at lunch. Uniforms are an effective way of eliminating these ‘fashion boundaries.’ Basically, uniforms would decrease the division between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots.’


Do you feel safe at school? How often do you walk down the hall and notice someone that you know does not attend CCH? It happens pretty often, probably more often than you think. Did you know that there have been Beal students riding some of our schools buses for months? Maybe you as a student did, but bus drivers and school staff and administration didn’t. Bus drivers could check for student cards, but students frequently forget them, and some students don’t even have theirs yet. The easy solution? Uniforms would help in identifying strange students in our school, and on our buses.


The main objection against uniforms seems to be that we will get beat up by Beal and Central students because we will be so easily identifiable. We know Beal and Central students when we see them, even though they may be dressed the same as we are. They know who we are, regardless if we are wearing uniforms or not.


So you see, uniforms have many benefits. There are social, academic, and economic benefits. They will create a closer community within our school. Most of all, our school will look sharp and uniforms will create a safer learning environment for everyone.





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In the novel “Catch ”, author Joseph Hellar utilises the power of language to challenge the absurdity of war through satire and an erratic structure, whilst director Terrence Malick uses cinematic devices in his film “The Thin Red Line” to explicitly portray the brutality of war with a much more serious tone, juxtaposing the harshness of war with the exquisiteness of nature. However, despite the contrasting manner in which their composers’ viewpoints are revealed, the texts are related by the fact that, essentially, they both convey the same image that war is an horrific aspect of human existence which should be avoided at all costs.


“Catch ” was first published in 155 and in an era where most texts glorified the American victory in World War II, this novel takes a much more critical approach, portraying the absurdity which is in fact the reality of war.


Through its many twists and turns, “Catch ”’s unusual, non-sequential structure embodies the theme of avoidance and assists the reader to understand Yossarian’s plight to “live forever or die trying to”. The absurd structure acts as a metaphor for the illogicality and absurdity of war.


Such absurdity is also used to criticise the bureaucracy of war, such as with Hellar’s chapter of the “death” of Doc Daneeka.


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Hellar uses absurdity to ridicule the administrative system whilst also criticising it- with the illogicality of Doc Daneeka being declared dead when he is still physically there in the squadron “The records show that you went up in McWatt’s plane to collect some flight time. You didn’t come down in a parachute so you must have been killed in the crash”. The absurdity of the conversation between Gus and Wes emphasises this criticism further- “You’re dead sir” repeated the other. “That’s probably the reason you always feel so cold”. The black humour of “You ought to be glad you’ve got any temperature at all” again criticises the war’s administrative system and its lack of value on human life.


Another facet of war criticised in “Catch ” is the military hierarchy, such as with the absurd story of Lt. Scheisskopf’s fascination with marching parades. Scheisskopf’s desperation to win the parades is illustrated in the absurdism and illogicality of “he considered every means of improvement, even nailing the twelve men in each rank to a long two-by-four beam of seasoned oak to keep them in line.” The mock-heroic tone of “Lt. Scheisskopf’s finest hour” also ridicules the military bureaucracy and their ways of gaining recognition and promotion. The hyperbole of “the men fell out for the parade early each Sunday… groaning with hangovers, they limped to their station on the main parade ground, where they stood motionless in the heat for an hour or two until enough of them had collapsed to call it a day” criticises the way in which the insensitive treatment of men is the hierarchy’s tool for self-promotion.





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People tend to think of any food additive as a complex chemical compound, but that notion is quite incorrect. A food additive is a substance or combination of substances, other than fundamental foodstuffs, present in food as a result of any aspect of production, processing, storage or packaging. Today, salt, sugar, and corn syrup are by far the most widely used additives; baking soda, vanilla, and yeast are commonly used in processed foods also.


The useful functions of food additives are often taken for granted, but their purpose is as varied as the foods in which they are used. Additives prevent salad dressings from separating, salt from becoming lumpy, and packaged goods from spoiling on the grocery shelf. They keep cured meat products safe to eat and give margarine its yellow color. Additives also improve the nutritional value of certain foods and can make them more appealing by improving their taste, texture, consistency, or color. Some additives could be eliminated if we were willing to grow our own food, harvest and grind it, spend many hours cooking and canning, or accept increased risks of food spoilage.


Additives are used in foods for five primary reasons


1. To provide leavening or control alkalinity/acidity.


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. To enhance flavor or impart desired color.


. To maintain product consistency.


4. To maintain palatability and wholesomeness.


5. To improve or maintain nutritional value.


Food additives have their medical benefits also. The disappearance of diseases such as rickets, goiter, beriberi, and pellagra in the United States over the last fifty years is due to the mere addition of vitamins and minerals to products such as cereal, milk, flour, and bread.


The earliest uses of food additives were to preserve and enhance the appearance of the foods we consume; additives to food have been used for thousands of years. In prehistoric times, salt was most likely used to preserve meat and fish. Our ancestors also found that large amounts of sugar helped preserve fruit, and cucumbers could be preserved in a vinegar solution. The ancient Egyptians used sulfites to stop bacterial growth and fermentation in wine. They also used extracts from beetles for food coloring. But, as our world industrialized, nations had to depend on the newly emerging food industry to produce and distribute their food. Dishonesty regarding what was added to foods led to the development of Food Safety Laws. While the first efforts to pass laws to govern food were difficult to enforce, it set the framework for current policy.


By law, the label on the product must identify the food product in a language the consumer can understand. It must indicate the manufacturer, the packer, or distributor, and declare the quantity of contents either in net weight or volume, and the ingredients must be declared on the label in order of predominance. Many substances added to food may seem odd when seen listed on the ingredient label, but these chemicals that sound so intimidating are actually quite familiar. Food additives exploitation is strictly controlled by laws that assure consumers those foods are safe to eat and accurately labeled.


Over the years, improvements have been made in increasing the efficiency and ensuring the safety of all additives. Nowadays food and color additives are more strictly regulated that at any other time in history. Regulations limit the amount of food and color additives used in foods, thus manufacturers are to use only the amount of an additive necessary to achieve the desired effect.


People who are concerned about additives or who must avoid certain substances in their diets are advised to consult product labels to learn the names of many direct additives used in products. Another group of additives is classified as indirect. These substances may be present in food in very small amounts as a result of some phase of production, processing, storage, and packaging. For instance, packaging materials may become indirect additives when minute amount of substances making up the packaging material diffuse into the food.


The term food additive is defined as “any substance that results or may reasonably be expected to result - directly or indirectly - in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food”. If a substance is added to a food for a specific purpose in that food, it is referred to as a direct additive. For example, aspartame, which is used in diet sodas, yogurt, chewing gum, and other foods, is considered a direct additive. Without such chemical additives, many of the convenience foods we use would not be available.


Pharmaceutical companies once began manufacturing USP nutrients - synthetic replications of the individual compounds identified as vitamins and minerals. For example, manufacturers isolate and extract a glucose molecule from corn and chemically tweak it so that it imitates the ascorbic acid molecule found in foods that contain vitamin C. They then label it as vitamin C and sell it. The only problem is that it is not vitamin C; so consuming this synthetic nutrient does not result in the same benefits as consuming a food rich in vitamin C. Intuitively, we know that whole; natural foods are a far superior source of nutrition than synthetic chemicals.


Now with consumers concerned about fats in foods and dietary restrictions, food scientists are working to develop new additives to substitute for fat and sugar. Processed foods manufacturers are likely to increase their reliance on additives that cut back on calories, fat, sugar, and salt. We consumers need the assurance that new food ingredients will be safe and truly beneficial to our bodies.


Being an informed consumer will take the speculation out of choosing the right foods to maintain a wholesome and balanced diet. Avoiding abuses of food and substances is very critical to one’s long-term health, and being concerned about our food supply is very important to one’s well being.


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Before World War I, films were being made mostly European countries and in Japan. When the war interrupted European filmmaking, however, the American film industry began to dominate the world market. In the years between 117 and 17 the silent film reached the peak of its development. United States had the largest film industry and American films dominated the international market. Germany and Japan still had some movie industries but mostly left to domestic. Many nations found film production as a matter of importance to national culture, sometimes by limiting on film imports. D. W. Griffith transformed early day of domestic production to an era of Hollywood’s worldwide dominance. Major companies that dominated Hollywood were Fox, Paramount, Warner Brothers, MGM, Columbia, and United Artists. One of the famous MGM movies was a silent version of Ben Her. Hollywood films became increasingly expensive to make as productions became more spectacular, and the stars demanded enormous salaries. As Hollywood and film industries elsewhere produced hundreds of films each year, certain standardized forms took precedence over individual creative inspiration. Movies adopted categories, known as genres, from earlier arts and popular entertainment. These included comedy, the Western, mystery, horror, romance, melodrama, and the war story. More and more large cinemas were built, and the major producers expanded their distributing systems and bought entire chains of theaters. Major studios attempted to produce a picture a week. A typical film show consisted of a feature starring big-name players, a short comedy, and a newsreel. The 1 film Nanook of the North, directed by the American Robert Flaherty, is often credited as the first great achievement of documentary film. Most of the films made during this period reflected the fast pace and materialistic concerns of the nations prosperous flapper era. While settings and costumes were often elaborate, film stories were often shallow. Most people went to the movies to see film stars, and it was often the star who saved a poor film from being a total failure. Some stars, seeking freedom from the mass-production methods of large studios, banded together to form distributing companies to market films they made in their own studios. United Artists, formed in 11 by Griffith, Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford, became known for its high standards. The production of films gained momentum once more in most European countries near the end 10s, the most innovative and influential new filmmakers where in Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. Germanys films were based on history, literature, and mythology. The enormous production facilities of the government enabled most films to be made indoors. Innovators at the large German studios also created new techniques in lighting and staging. In contrast with the Germans, Soviet filmmakers preferred natural settings and used the Russian people as cast members. From the start, Soviet films were closely related to the propaganda efforts of the Communist regime, and film was recognized by Premier Nikolai Lenin as the best way to reach the people. From the time of the first motion pictures many people tried to synchronize phonograph records with films without success. Some theaters used machines to emit sound effects behind the screen; others hired actors to read aloud during the film. Pianists and organists, who tried to match their selections to the mood and pace of the action on the screen, provided musical accompaniments. Full orchestras in many of the large theaters accompanied some of the more spectacular silent films. Sound films became possible through the development of the means to record sound directly on film and of the audio amplifier, which provided sufficient volume of sound for large theaters. Lee De Forest, who exhibited brief sound films to the public in 1, pioneered both of these developments. Although the public failed to respond to De Forests sound films, electronics manufacturers continued to experiment with both sound on film and phonograph discs synchronized with film. In 16, Warner Brothers released a program using synchronized discs; it included short talking and musical films and a silent feature, Don Juan, with a synchronized accompaniment. William Fox in 17, and later that year he also released the first sound newsreels released a short sound-on-film comedy with spoken dialogue. Public acceptance of sound came on Oct. 6, 17, when Warner Brothers presented Al Jolson singing and saying a few words in The Jazz Singer. The first full-length all-sound film was The Lights of New York, issued by Warner Brothers in 18. The success of sound revolutionized the film industry. Theaters had to install sound projection equipment, and film studios had to find methods of soundproofing cameras and stages. Movement in most of the early sound films appeared static, because cameras had to be enclosed in soundproof boxes that were difficult to move. Eventually cameras with noiseless gears were developed; microphones were put on booms, or poles, which could be extended as needed. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 10s the standard had become 4 frames per second. The sound revolution ended the careers of many silent-film performers whose voices did not record well, but it also brought new performers to the screen who had stage experience in speaking roles. Playwrights who knew how to write dramatic dialogue were hired to replace silent-screen scenario writers, and many plays were filmed for the screen because they provided ready-made dialogue. With the coming of sound, film animation increased popularity. Walt Disney made the first animated cartoon with synchronized sound, Steamboat Willie in 18, which was the third film to feature the popular Mickey Mouse character. The Great Depression of 1 did a little to affect Hollywood but ironically increased the efficiency of films production.





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