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Reluctant to sleep, the older waiter means to offer a place to those who need a clean, well-lighted caf?to spend their nights, possessing the same nada philosophy of life as him; Ernest Hemingway the author states his feelings and viewpoints toward the old man through the role, the older waiter, to unveil the life of the elderly, losing the motivations of life and the motives to live for. About the same age of the old man who comes to this caf?every night, the older waiter simply wants to provide people, especially the elderly, who need a clean place with full lights and have to have themselves drunk with reasons or not at nights. As for the old man, he could be a representative of this night-caf?race, and so is the waiter who has sympathy on him; the old man is also the man with nothing, neither having the motivations of life, nor the motives to pursue after decades of work and family. When he retired, he soon became a member of the night-caf?race, escaping from the busy day world, hiding himself in a clean, well-lighted caf?at nights, enjoying a short term of peace, eventually having his minds controlled by alcohols. Responding to the situation, the refrain of nada turns to be the central belief and the philosophy of their life. These words are revised, based on The Lord’s Prayer in Matthew 6., and the refrain just shows us the attitude the elderly face the world, having experienced a lot in their lives. They have many things that are already deprived from the society and their family, except nothing, nada. Hemingway just tells us all through the mouth of the older waiter, and we readers are as the role of the young waiter who has a debate with him.


The caf?at night is as the clean, well-lighted side of the two old man’s minds where there is nothing but nada. When night veils the world, this place is the only one full of lights. It is a metaphor of the mental world of the two old men, the elderly.







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RECOMMENDATIONS


Use a balanced scorecard approach to performance appraisal and salary compensation. Train managers in Management Rating Review process, which allows managers to rate people with enough discrimination to distinguish performance levels. Implement mentor program to encourage and motivate high performers and weed out poor performers. Implement a bonus program for high performers. Implement a 60-degree review process to allow other employees to rate their peers.


SUPPORTING REASONING


In 178, the Performance Appraisal and Salary Administration Program shows a slight increase in Return on Assets one year. After 17, Merck’s Return on Assets levels off and plunges from 180 to present day. Return on Assets is the number of pennies of net income generated by each dollar of assets. Since a company’s primary asset is its labor force, efficiency of the labor force has been falling off since 180. Comments collected by the review committee outline a number of contributing problems. They include lack of manager training, perceived unrealistic expectations of employees, lack of performance differentiation, demoralizing and de-motivating policies, aligning company performance with employee performance, merit squatters and dissatisfied work force.


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The problem with just assessing performance with financial measures like profits, Return on Investments, and Return on Assets, is that the financial measures error awkward looking. That is, they focus on past financial performance rather than on what managers are doing to create future shareholder value. In approach that addresses this limitation is the balanced scorecard. The balanced scorecard is a set of performance measures constructed for four dimensions of performance. The dimensions are financial, customer, internal process, and innovation. Typically, a company using a balanced scorecard will develop three to five performance measures for each dimension, and the measures are tied to the company strategy for success. Merck’s successes are contributed to new developments; therefore, creativity in the areas of generating revenue, reducing costs or adding value should also be recognized and rewarded. Therefore, in Mercks case, primary concerns are the financial and innovation dimension. Use of the balanced scorecard approach will allow Merck to better align employee performance evaluation with future shareholder value. This alignment is achieved by performance is assessed across the balanced set of dimensions (financial, customer, internal process, and innovation). Quantitative measures are balanced with qualitative measures. Backward -- looking measures and forward -- looking measures are also balanced. The underlying balanced scorecard idea is “You give which you measure! Merck should adopt measures of the four perspectives when evaluating performance. First the financial measure asks if the company achieving its financial goals. Measures in this area should include return on assets, sales growth, operating income, and cash flow from operations. Secondly the customer measure asks if the company is meeting customer expectations. Measures in this area should include customer satisfaction customer retention new customer acquisition and market share. Thirdly internal processes ask if the company is improving critical internal processes. Measures in this area should include lead-time to market, percent of practical capacity, number of suppliers and material turnover. Lastly innovation asks is the company improving its ability to innovate. Measures in this area should include employee satisfaction employee retention number of new products and amount spent on employee training.


The management rating review process allows managers to rate their direct reports graphically. On the x-axis, is rating, on the y-axis is performance. Internal to the graph are employee characteristic representations. The circle represents a poor performer, a triangle represents case solid employee who is comfortable where they are, a square represents a promotable employee and a star represents an employee with high potential. This evaluation system is a qualification measure based on everyday. It provides for enough discrimination within the company to discourage “group think” and “herd evaluation.” Of evaluation is complete managers can use the rating chart to determine ways to improve human effectiveness. By implementing a mentor program, poor performers are given an opportunity to discuss their issues and concerns with management in an attempt to improve. This process is not intended to revise salary, will provide ample opportunity for employee to understand and identify and implement areas of improvement. In addition to this approach identifies employees with 0 years of expertise but might not be interested in promotion. Identification of these solid performers removes them from those interested in advancement. An employee who is promotable might see one significant promotion within five years in. An employee who is high potential might see two or three significant promotion within five years. Again, implementing a mentor program can help a promotable employee exceed self-imposed limitations or expectations. In addition, the mentor program can help star employees compete with their own best self, well steadily moving towards worthwhile, predetermined goals. Moreover, this type of evaluation can help employees become more action oriented. Often just knowing where you stand on the management review-rating chart increases energy, drive, direction and purpose.


Lastly, implementing a 60-degree peer evaluation process speaks to teamwork. Balance is achieved between catering to management to achieve promotions and catering to the team to work well together. A 60- degree instrument is a feedback tool that gives people a candid view of themselves in the workplace as others see them. Everyone has the opportunity to provide helpful feedback, from subordinates, to peers, to supervisors. Some employees even ask their customers to provide them with feedback on their performance. This evaluation tool help individuals see themselves as leaders and enables them to take charge of their own improvement and development program, strengthening the sense of personal responsibility for performance. It also avoids the “filter phenomenon,” where individuals are too hard or too easy on themselves, and allows a more balanced view of their role within the organization.


PROBABLE RESULT


A balanced scorecard assesses performance with respect to four dimensions financial, customer, internal processes, and innovation. The specific measures are linked to a company’s strategy for success. Whereas financial measures focus on past performance, the other dimensions assess what the company is doing to create future value. In having performance in this way avoids one mentor being troubled some by using it as one of many measures of its balanced scorecard. With a balanced scorecard, managers are likely to note that maxing out Return on Assets is likely to hurt financial performance measures such as return on investment as well as other customer and internal process measures such as customer satisfaction and production lead time.


Using the Management Rating Review process allows employees to know where they stand in the organization. Sometimes, knowing where you stand on the management review-rating chart increases energy, drive, direction and purpose. However, managers must be willing to deal their beliefs about their subordinates. How managers behave or manage their subordinates directly relates their beliefs about those employees. Erroneous belief can lead managers into self-destructive behavior of disrupting relationships, rather than improving them.


By implementing a mentor program, managers provide way he was the employee and get his or her agreement for improvement for further develop. During the coaching process employee and managers discuss alternative solutions and mutually agreed upon appropriate steps to be taken. This process applies whether a problem exists or opportunities with advancement exist. The mentor program also provides a means to measure results and recognize any achievement when it occurs.


Using 60 degrees feedback provides more realistic assessment of individual performance than feedback from a manager. The relationship that individuals have with peers and subordinates is very different than their relationship with their manager. An individuals perception of their own performance may also differ from co-workers’ perception of them. Gathering feedback from each of the sources enables them to developing more balanced and representative view of how their performance is perceived. The process includes an opportunity to learn how different people perceive them commonly increased self-awareness. In addition, it encourages self-development and increases understanding behaviors required to improve personal and organizational effectiveness. Organizational benefits include promoting a culture where giving and receiving feedback is commonplace, this organization to identify overall strengths and development needs while increasing communication within the organization. Accountability is also increased when information within an organization is shared up words, sideways and downward.





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Partial birth abortion can be very dangerous to the mother. It is a big risk that a person takes that can lead to medical problems. The abortion can lead to abnormal bleeding, as well as blood loss. In addition, post-delivery retention of the placenta can occur, which will then require later surgical treatment. There is also a maternal death risk involved with partial birth abortion. The women who undergo partial birth abortion have a greater risk of dying from the procedure, than dying from normal childbirth. In 18, 16.7 per 100,000 women died because of partial birth abortion. Not only are the babies dying, but the women are likely to die as well. To prevent these deaths, partial birth abortion must be outlawed.


Partial birth abortions are done as a medical necessity. Some partial birth abortions are performed for the health of the mother. If the woman is suffering from medical conditions such as depression or severe diabetes, the doctor may suggest a late term abortion. Pregnancies that are goig tragically awry can put the mothers life or health in danger. Moreover, later term abortions are performed if the fetus is defective. Fetuses may suffer from cleft palates, as well as cystic fibrosis. In that case, doctors believe that the fetus wont survive after birth, yet how are they so sure of that. The doctors and mothers should give the baby a chance to be born. Maybe it would have a chance to live, and can be medically taken care of.


There is not one good reason to go through partial birth abortion. Partial birth abortion is inhumane. Killing an innocent life is no moral and should be kept away from happening. People must learn to live and take responsibility for their own action. The baby is considered a fetus when it is in the womb. Therefore, people like to believe that the baby will not go through any pain. However, the baby is alive whe its body is delivered because nurses have claimed that the feet and hands move when it is being pulled out. Of course then, the baby must go through sever pain when it is being stabbed in the head, of shall we say, killed. If a baby was meant to die, let the baby die on its own at peace.





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A COMPARISON OF THREE CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES AND HOW THEY HAVE AIDED OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CRIME.


By Roger Perera


CRIM11


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Crime is a many and varied phenomenon. The search for answers to the problem of crime is not new nor an easy one. What is it that makes some individuals resort to criminal behaviour while others do not? It is intended in this essay to discuss and compare three criminological theories Classicism � Positivism and Sutherland’s differential association theory, and how they have aided today’s understanding of crime.


Prior to classical criminology’s evolution in European society, the explanation of human behaviour was approached in one of two different ways. One was spiritualistic and the other was naturalistic. The spiritualistic explanation was one of other world powers or spirits controlling objects or persons and effecting their behaviour. Therefore criminal behaviour was caused by the individual being possessed by demons. On the other hand the naturalistic theory postulated that the explanation must be found within the world of physical and material fact (Vold, 17).


The classical school was the first of the naturalistic theories. Led by an Italian mathematician and economist Cesare Bonesana Marchese De Beccaria (178 � 174) it viewed man as free, rational and hedonistic who based his actions on the costs and benefits. Society by increasing the costs and reducing the benefits reasoned the individual would choose legitimate options over illegal ones (Vold, 17).


Around the 180’s, a new view developed by the positivist criminologists declared that mans behaviour was beyond his control and was determined by biological or cultural factors. Cesare Lombroso (185 � 10) claimed that some people were born criminals. He believed that criminal types could be identified by the shape of their skull and were throwbacks to a more primitive human being. Lombroso saw most criminals as biologically defective, although conceded that the influence of socialisation could affect the development of criminal behaviour (A Giddens, 1).


The twentieth century brought forth many new theories with the advancement of the sciences. Edwin H Sutherland (188 � 150) put forward the idea of differential association. It was his view that crime was accepted in some societies and cultures, therefore some individuals could be socialised into criminal activities by others who were “carriers of criminal norms” (Giddens, 1). So to attain the accepted needs and values, some were socialised into illegal activities while others chose to use the law-abiding avenue.


To compare these theories one needs to remember the time in which they were formulated. The classical criminological theorists drew much of their information from philosophists Montesquieu, Socrates, Bacon, Voltaire, Rousseau and Descartes to name but a few. They held the view that mans intelligence and rationality were the basis of human behaviour Therefore by careful education and socialisation man could be master of his own destiny. The classical school theory was based on the premise of punishment as a deterrent. Beccaria among others, like Jeremy Bentham (1748 � 18) an English jurist and philosopher were very influenced by these great minds. Beccaria openly acknowledged his indebtedness to the “humanist writings of the French Philosophies” (Beirne, 1). Beccaria’s friendship with Alessandro Verri whose job was protector of prisoners in Milan, allowed him to become acquainted with the conditions and atrocities of the time, with the public hangings, whippings, mutilations and torture to extort confessions (Lilly Cullen & Ball, 15). Beccaria recognised that the laws were unjust and with the huge inequality in society, lawbreakers were punished wrongly. It was his view that all men look for a profit in life even when it means taking advantage of others.


It was with these images in mind that he sought to change the system of punishments, and in doing so created an explanation of criminal behaviour that is still relevant to today’s criminology. The book dei delitte that had taken 11 months to write took Europe by storm. He put forth a new set of ideas never before expressed. One of his more radical ideas suggested the removal of the absolute power of judges to be replaced by laws that determined the punishment of crimes (Vold, 17). The judges’ function was to determine whether or not the individual or individuals were guilty. He also argued that the punishment of the crime was not as important as the prevention of crime; that punishment should act as a deterrent; that by publicising all laws the individual could make rational choices about crime; that all torture and capital punishments should be abolished and replaced with prison sentences as determined by the laws (Vold, 17).


Many of the contributions of the classical school are still in place in today’s society, with impartial and specific laws for the punishment of crimes and that all individuals are treated fairly and equally (Lilly et al, 15). The 180’s saw a change in the thinking of criminology, as punishment as a deterrent did not appear to be working. In fact crime was flourishing. The causes of crime were not being addressed and a search was on for the “criminal man”, and why individuals behaved in this way rather than the idea of man being rational and acting in a criminal manner due to his own choice and free will. These were the beginnings of the Positivist school of criminology. Empirical facts were being sought to confirm that crime was caused by physical characteristics of the individual.


Cesare Lombroso a graduate in medicine largely developed the notion that crime was determined by multiple factors some biological and some environmental. This was a departure from the idea that crime was a result of Hedonism and the free will of the individual. He became interested in the biological explanation of crime while serving as an army physician between 185 and 186. During this time he documented the physical differences of ,000 soldiers (Lilly et al, 15). He used this information to form an opinion that criminals wore tattoos. Lombroso felt that criminals were representative of a more primitive type of human than the non-criminals and were a biological throwback (i.e. atavistic).


He classified criminals into four major categories


“(a) born criminals, people with atavistic characteristics; (b) insane criminals, who included idiots, imbeciles, and paranoiacs, as well as epileptics and alcoholics; (c) occasional criminals or criminaloids, whose crimes are explained primarily by opportunity, and (d) criminals of passion who commit crimes because of anger, love, or honour”. Wolfgang, (17, pp. 5-5 cited in Lilly et al, 15).


His theory of the biological explanation of the criminal type was modified through five editions of his book “On criminal man”. During this time he emphasised the need to study the individual using statistical methods and measurements. As a “slave to facts” Lombroso taught us about scientific study of the criminal using anthropological, social and economic data. However his biological explanations are considered very unsophisticated in today’s world (Lilly et al, 15).


Enrico Ferri (156 � 18) one of Lombrosos’s pupils was interested in statistics especially in relation to the study of crime and expanded the theories of Lombroso. His main ideas were focused on “the inter-relatedness of social and economic and political factors. In “the homicide” Ferri put forward his famous idea that criminals were classified into four categories insane, born, occasional and criminal by passion. He argued that crime was caused by a number factors. These included physical (race, climate, temperature), individual factors (age, sex), and social factors (customs, religion and population) (Vold, 17).


As did Lombroso and Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo (185 � 14) rejected the idea that crime was a result of free will and hedonism. He was fully in agreement that crime could only be understood through the scientific study of the individual. Garofalo led life as a distinguished magistrate and was naturally concerned with what to do with the criminal. In line with a Darwinian principle of adaptation of the species and elimination of those unable to adapt, he developed a theory of punishment that called firstly for the elimination of those unable to adapt to civilised life, an example being those with permanent psychological problems. Secondly a lesser punishment existed which consisted of life imprisonment or transportation. Lastly for those who committed crimes and it appeared it wouldn’t happen again there was forced reparation (Vold, 17).


Garofalos argument that society is a “natural body” therefore crimes were offences” against the law of nature”, and that probity and pity were being violated (Lilly et al, 15) fell in line with the Darwinian reasoning of the time. Thus he felt very strongly that society was more important than the individual therefore the individual was expendable. Not surprisingly both Garofalo and Ferri’s work was accepted by the Mussolini regime as “science” was being used to rid society of racial, social and physical impurities.


The Italian positivist statistics were not very sophisticated which was demonstrated when Goring (11) using a expert statistician studied ,000 English convicts with a control group of normal males. Goring measured 6 different physical features and found no significant differences between the two groups, the convicts only showing a slightly smaller body frame (Lilly et al, 15). The search for body types and crime continued into the 0th century with many continuing the research.


Edwin Sutherland’s differential association developed from the previous work of Shaw and McKay on juvenile delinquency. Sutherland spent a large part of his career studying the “social roots of criminal behaviour, Geis & Goff, 18, 186; Schuessler, (17, cited in Lilly et al, 15). His research into “white collar” crime and professional theft led him to disbelieve the idea that criminals were a distinct physical type as he felt that the society they lived in directed their criminal involvement. He believed that the individual learned criminal behaviour regardless of their social status but through their social relationships.


Sutherland’s’ theory went through several stages but by 147 he had formulated nine principles.


1. Criminal behaviour is learned.


. Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.


. The principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups.


4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalisations, and attitudes.


5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favourable and unfavourable.


6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association.


7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.


8. The process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.


. While criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values since noncriminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and values Sutherland & Cressey, (170, pp. 75-76, cited in Lilly et al, 15).


Differential association had formulated an explanation of many types of criminal activities and helps explain affluent criminal’s behaviour. Criminal or noncriminal behaviour and attitudes were learned from family and friends and that it is a learning process just like any other (Siegel, 1). After Sutherland’s death in 150, Donald R Cressey and others like Ronald L Akers continued the work on differential association.


The legacies from the classical era, positivists school and Sutherland’s theory of differential association has been built on to help broaden our picture of crime and criminals. The classical school provided us with laws for the punishment of crime and equality in the treatment of individuals. The positivists have brought methodology and scientific research to us through their efforts with the biological quest for the causes of crime. Differential association and its later off shoots has allowed us to look at the social nature of man and how we interact and learn social processes from our fellow human beings. Through gradual social change and education, through our growing knowledge of the biological man and technological advances the theories of criminology continue to be defined and refined


Word count -1,7


References


Beirne, P. (1). Inventing criminology. Albany State University of New York Press.


Giddens, A. (1). Sociology (nd ed.). Cambridge Polity Press.


Lilly, J.R., Cullen, F.T. & Ball R.A., (15). Criminological theory context and consequences (nd ed.). California Sage Publications, Inc.


Siegel L.J., (1). Criminology theories, patterns, and typologies (4th ed.). St. Paul University of Massachusetts.


Vold, G.B. (17). Theoretical criminology (nd ed.). New York Oxford University Press.





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Basketball is the kind of sport that can make you physcially tired. It is a great sport to learn. I love playing basketball. It is great. Basketball was founded in 11 by Dr James A. Naismith. He tied up two peach baskets and made people play basketball. Now the game has evolved to a level unmatched in american sports history. No other game can come close in being a bona fide American idol. The sport is great for loosening tension that is built up inside a person. What gives basketball its unique edge is that anyone can play it. It doesnt cost much money to play basketball. All you need is a ball and a basket to play at. You can find these two anywhere in the city. Where you find these you will sure find a someone to play with. Now with this evidence basketball has been real influential in the history of sports.


What makes basketball the best? Well first of all the players are what attracts people to basketball. If you can see Michael Jordan is one of the best basketball players to ever grace the Earth. He has elevated the game to where none thought the game could go. What can you do to become the basketball player you can.


First it takes dedication and heart to do that. You must have to practice everyday. If you can do that you are well on your way to becoming real nice in a sport that has captivated American like none other before it. Basketball is better than football, better than baseball, even better than soccer.





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Materials Technology


Assignment No. 1


Part 1


(i) Metallic Bond


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Its is known that the atomic structure of any element is made up of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons revolving at different distances. Metallic elements contain only one, two or three electrons in the outer shell and in this case the strength of the bond is relatively weak between the outer electrons and the nucleus.


(ii) Ionic Bond


This type of bond occurs between metallic and non-metallic elements. It is known that in non-metallic elements the outer shell contains a larger number of electrons than the metals. For example the outer shell of a chlorine atom contains seven electrons and there is a strong driving force to attract an electron to make a stable group of eight. When sodium with one valence electron and chlorine with seven electrons react, the sodium gives up its electron to form a stable outer shell of eight electrons for the chlorine. This is known as an ionic bond because Na+ and Cl are formed and are mutually attracted owing to their opposite charges.


(iii) Covalent Bond


The main feature of this bond is that the electrons are strongly held and equally shared by the participating atoms. This type of bond is very often found in ceramics. The most common example of a covalent bond is the diamond crystal where each carbon atom is in the centre of the tetrahedron, sharing each of its four electrons with the adjoining electrons.


(iv) Van Der Waals Bond


This type of bond occurs to some extent in all materials, but is important in the polymer group of materials. The molecules are made up of a backbone or skeleton of covalently bonded carbon atoms attached to the other carbon bonds at the sides. These bonds are very strong and rupture under extreme conditions. Failure of the material occurs between the carbon atom and the other element atom.


Part


A metal in its molten state will solidify as the temperature falls, this is a process where the atoms change from a disordered or amorphous condition to an ordered or crystalline structure.


Pure metals solidify at a fixed temperature, in most cases there is some degree of undercooling of the liguid prior to solidifying. This is due to the lack of nucleating sites. Once a nucleating site is established it provides a solid/ liquid interface for the growth of the crystals.


Part





(i) Body centred cubic


This is the least economical packing of atoms in a metal, some of the metals in this lattice group include vanadium, ferrite and chromium.


(ii) Face centred cubic


The most economical packing is achieved by the face centred cubic lattice, metals with this lattice structure include gold, silver and lead.


(iii) Close packed hexagonal


By orientating the fcc unit it can be seen that three of the atoms in contact also make up part of the hexagonal close packed lattice. Metals with this lattice structure include magnesium, zinc and nickel.





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Of all of the technology that I use, my computer has had the biggest impact. It helps me do homework, allows me to communicate with almost anyone in the world, and give me an outlet for my creativity. This machine is one of the most flexible devices and greatest time savers ever built, and I have difficulty imagining my life without it


My PC’s most practical use is helping with homework. Typed reports can be edited while I write much more easily than with pencil and paper. Instead of trying to squeeze a word into a tiny space between two other words when I forget to write it, I can just type it in the space and the words already there move out of the way. If I need information for a project, I can use my computer’s encyclopedia to get an article much faster than if I had to find it in a paper copy. When I don’t find what I’m looking for there, I can go on the Internet and be given access to the resources of libraries, colleges, research centers, and individuals around the world. The Internet also contains dictionaries and thesauruses that are more detailed and user friendly than their physical counterparts. An almost infinite amount of knowledge is easily within my reach on the Internet.


The computer is also a great communication device. E-mail allows me to send as much information as I want whenever I want for a minimal price. In fact, e-mail has revived the almost dead art of letter writing. E-mail’s speed provides the convenience of a telephone, yet it still retains much of the charm of a hand written letter. In the past, if I wanted to send a movie or song to one of my friends far away, I would have to spend the money on a blank tape, spend time copying the original, and carefully pack it to avoid damage in shipping. Now I can simply attach the movie or song to a short note with a few clicks, without fear of damage. The internet also has many sites that allow people to have a conversation with someone they would have never met in the real world while playing games ranging from chess to pool to huge fantasy role playing games.


My favorite feature of my computer is the freedom it gives me to express myself. I can use paint programs to draw things I never could have with my limited talent, because it provides tools to make a perfect circle or a smooth transition from one color to another. More powerful programs allow me to create movies, or even my own video games. I can use Windows Movie Maker to create cartoons that I can share with anyone who wants them, without investing in a huge studio. Using the Aurora Toolset, I can easily program video games for my own enjoyment, or to let my friends play, even though I haven’t learned any real programming language like Java or C++.


Help with essay on Why computers are the greatest invention of the 20th century

My computer allows me to work faster and with more convenience than any generation before. My work that takes me minutes on a computer could take hours by hand. I am very grateful to the pioneers of computers, who suffered early computers’ instability and clumsy interface to give me the great machine in many homes today





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