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Saudi Arabia is a large market. There is a population of 4,,844. That number includes 5,576,076 non-citizens foreign workers (00). Saudi Arabia is one of the highest growth nations in the world with a growth of .7% a year (00). Children and young teens represent the highest proportion of the population in the country. 0-14 years 4.%, 15-64%years 54.8%, and 65 years and over are .%. Since the product is aimed at all of the population the age division is irrelevant. Most Saudis live in the urban areas (77.%), while the rest live in the rural areas (.7%). The largest concentrations of population are in Riyadh, Jeddah, medina, and Mecca

Saudi Arabia’s economy is based on oil production. Oil wealth made the possible the rapid economic development. There is low inflation rate of 1%. The GDP of Saudi Arabia is $4 billion (00). The purchasing power parity per capita was 11,080 in 00, and is in constant incline from year to year. The consumer prices rate is lower every year and was �0.51% in 00, thus prices of products are in decline. The government of Saudi Arabia subsidizes few aspects for the Saudi people, which allow the population to spend more on other things. Low taxes. The five plans- increase imports. Saudi Arabia’s government had six economic development plans since the 170’s. During those plans private enterprise and foreign investment were encouraged and foreign companies were welcomed in the country (country fact sheet, 14).

Since the product is already in presence in the country there is no special adaptation necessary by the consumers. The product is a necessity because of the water shortage and is part in normal life that the consumers look for anyway. There is a strong base for the soft drinks market in Saudi Arabia. In 001 the consumption of soft drinks in the kingdom was .7 billion liters, and is expected to exceed . billion. In 001 the sales of bottled water in Saudi Arabia increased by 7% in the year 001.

Even though Saudi Arabia’s government is in close relationship with the United States there is a negative factor in this country that affects the soft drinks market. From time to time there is a feeling of resentment against America, and American products. 00 there was a campaign in the country aginst the United States that encouraged the boycott of American brands. Two of the companies that were on the boycott list were Coca Cola ad PepsiCo. These two companies that control high share of the soft drinks in Saudi Arabia distribute mainly carbonated drinks. The soft drinks sector that mainly suffered from the boycott was the carbonated drinks rather then the bottled water sector, since they concentrate on the first sector. The product will be imported form another country, a country that the Saudis have no resentment against like Armenia or turkey.






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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on E-Commerce/Webtrust. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality E-Commerce/Webtrust paper right on time.

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This article discusses the consumer issues that CPA’s and CA’s are facing today with the web as a new market medium. Since a website can be created quickly, inexpensively and at almost any location in the world, the consumer may question the very existence of the business. Because of these concerns, the CPA/CA Webtrust, a unique seal of assurance for electronic commerce, was launched. CPA/CA Webtrust is designed to instill confidence in consumers and entities conducting business transactions over the Internet.

A Webtrust seal of assurance is issued by a specially licensed CPA or CA who has been hired by the business website owner to render the Webtrust assurance service. Once a seal is obtained, the entity will be able to continue displaying it on it’s Web site provided the CPA or CA Webtrust provider updates the assurance examination at least once every three months. Consumers will be able to access the website owner’s business policies, and the auditor’s opinion regarding business practice disclosures, transaction integrity, and information protection by clicking on the Webtrust seal of assurance on the web page.

Presently, no reported legal case has addressed the liability of accountants to third parties for disseminating misleading or false financial business information over a computer network such as the Internet. Several significant cases exist, however, which may affect accountant liability to third parties for computer-disseminated false or misleading business or financial information. A starting for an analysis of these cases is a discussion of the case law governing accountants’ liability to non-clients for negligence in the performance of auditing services.

The requirement of strict privity to establish an accountant’s duty to non-clients is the most restrictive standard on the liability continuum. Strict privity requires a contractual agreement (or direct connection) to exist between an accountant or auditor and another party before the latter can have a cause of action for negligence against the accountant or auditor.




Pacini, Carl and Sinason, David. American Business Law Journal, Spring 1 v6 i p47. “Auditor Liability for Electronic Commerce Assurance The CPA/CA Webtrust.” Retrieved September 1, 00, from the World Wide Web http//web5.infotrac-college.com/wadsworth/session/8/56/6654/4!xrn_5_0_A55178

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Capital structure. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Capital structure paper right on time.

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F. WHAT DOES CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY ATTEMPT TO DO? WHAT LESSONS CAN BE LEARNED FROM CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY?

ANSWER CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY PROVIDES SOME INSIGHTS INTO THE VALUE OF DEBT VERSUS EQUITY FINANCING. AN UNDERSTANDING OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY WILL AID A MANAGER IN FINDING HIS OR HER FIRM¡¦S OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE.

MODERN CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY BEGAN IN 158, WHEN MODIGLIANI AND MILLER PROVED, UNDER A VERY RESTRICTIVE SET OF ASSUMPTIONS, INCLUDING THE ASSUMPTION OF NO TAXES, THAT A FIRM¡¦S VALUE IS UNAFFECTED BY ITS CAPITAL STRUCTURE. MM¡¦S RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IT DOESN¡¦T MATTER HOW A FIRM FINANCES ITS OPERATIONS BECAUSE CAPITAL STRUCTURE IS IRRELEVANT. DESPITE ITS UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTIONS, MM¡¦S IRRELEVANCE RESULT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. BY INDICATING THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CAPITAL STRUCTURE IS IRRELEVANT, MM ALSO PROVIDED US WITH SOME CLUES ABOUT WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR CAPITAL STRUCTURE TO BE RELEVANT, AND HENCE, TO AFFECT A FIRM¡¦S VALUE.

MM LATER CONSIDERED THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE TAXES. BECAUSE INTEREST PAYMENTS ARE DEDUCTIBLE FOR TAX PURPOSES, THE TOTAL CASH FLOWS TO ALL INVESTORS ARE GREATER FOR A LEVERAGED FIRM THAN AN UNLEVERAGED FIRM. EACH DOLLAR OF DEBT, D, INCREASES THE VALUE OF THE FIRM BY TcD., WHERE Tc IS THE CORPORATE TAX RATE. TcD. IS CALLED THE ¡§TAX SHIELD¡¨ OF DEBT. MM¡¦S MODEL IMPLIES THAT FIRMS SHOULD HAVE 100% DEBT FINANCING.




WHEN BANKRUPTCIES ARE CONSIDERED, THERE IS A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN THE TAX SHIELD ON DEBT AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS. AT LOW LEVELS OF DEBT, THE TAX SHIELD ON DEBT IS GREATER THAN THE EXPECTED COSTS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS. AT HIGH LEVELS OF DEBT, EXPECTED BANKRUPTCY COSTS EXCEED THE TAX SHIELD. THIS IMPLIES THAT THERE IS AN OPTIMAL LEVEL OF DEBT.

SIGNALING THEORY RECOGNIZES THAT MANAGERS HAVE BETTER INFORMATION THAN INVESTORS. THIS IMPLIES THAT MANAGERS WOULD SELL STOCK WHEN THE PRICE OF THE STOCK IS GREATER THAN ITS TRUE VALUE. INVESTORS KNOW THIS, AND SO STOCK PRICE SHOULD FALL WHEN COMPANIES ISSUE DEBT.

AGENCY COSTS ARE PRESENT WHEN MANAGERS WASTE FREE CASH FLOW ON PERQUISITES OR NEGATIVE NPV PROJECTS. HIGH LEVELS OF DEBT ¡§BOND¡¨ THE FREE CASH FLOW, SINCE MUCH OF THE FREE CASH FLOW MUST BE COMMITTED TO SERVICING THE DEBT. THIS PREVENTS MANAGERS FROM WASTING FREE CASH FLOW, AND SO HIGH LEVELS OF DEBT SHOULD REDUCE AGENCY COSTS.



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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Market Analysis on Switzerlands Economy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Market Analysis on Switzerlands Economy paper right on time.

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Nationality Swiss

Population 7.11 million (18)

Annual Growth Rate 0.%




Infant Mortality Rate 5/1,000.

Life -

Expectancy Men 74 years of age

Women 81 years of age



Religions Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 40%, others 5%, No religion %

Languages German 64%, French 1%, Italian 8%,

Romansch 1%, Other 8%

Education Attendance 100%

Literacy 100%

Workforce .8 million. Agriculture 4%. Industry %

Services & Government 67%

Media SRG SSR id�e suisse (the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation)

The largest provider of electronic media in Switzerland. Its services encompass seven TV channels and 18 radio stations, complemented by websites and teletext.

Communications Telephones - main lines in use 4.8 million (18)

Telephones - mobile cellular 810,170 (1)

Telephone system excellent domestic and international services

Domestic extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks

International satellite earth stations - Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations AM 4, FM 11 (plus many low power stations), short-wave (18)

Radios 7.1 million (17)

Television broadcast stations 108 (17)

Televisions .1 million (17)

Internet Service Providers (ISP’s) 115 (Switzerland and Liechtenstein) (1)

.0 Stability of the Swiss Political System



.1 Structure of the Swiss Legal/Regulatory System

. Reliability of Switzerland as a Trading Partner

. Constitutional Guarantees

.4 Protection of Property Rights





.0 Stability of the Swiss Political System

Although, Switzerland has a diverse society, it has a remarkable political stability, which is the result of its policy of strict neutrality. Since, Switzerland is maintaining its neutrality, the country has become a refuge for capital all over the world. Both political and neutrality play a major role in Switzerland to create economic neutrality. It has the highest per capita income of any industrial nation and the Swiss Government also allows other peoples efforts to be rewarded.

Switzerland is a democratic country, which plays an important role supporting the increasing amounts of democratic institutions and values internationally, with also contributions to humanitarian relief and economic development assistance. These policies are taken into account by the United States who have been willing to co-operate with Switzerland’s neutrality.

Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and throughout the many years, it has serves as a neutral diplomatic intermediary. Switzerland has no major disputes in its bilateral relations with other countries.

The Federal Government and Cantons share political power. Similar to the United States, power that is not appointed to the Federal Government, resides with the cantons that have endured a positive amount of independence within the Federal sector over many years. The third level of Swiss Government is the commune, who decide issues of local importance i.e. construction of roads, bridges.





.1 Structure of the Swiss Legal/Regulatory System

There are two regulatory bodies, which are active in Switzerland

• ComCom (Communication Commission) � This is an extra parliamentary commission whom is designated responsibility of telecommunication licences.

• OFCOM (Office of Communication) � This is the main regulatory body in telecommunications and ICT.

Switzerland’s regulatory and legislative system consists of Swiss Penal Law, The Swiss National Law, The Law on Data Privacy, The telecommunication Law, The Federal Law on Electronic Signature, The Federal Law on E-Commerce and The Ordinance on I.T and Telecommunication Federal Administration Law.





. Reliability of Switzerland as a Trading Partner

Switzerland is the richest country in Europe and is situated in the middle of the world’s largest trading zones. It is also known for being the third largest financial centres in the world. Swiss companies are dependent on their exports but, because they are declining stronger ties with the rest of Europe, it will be harder for them to export products across their borders.

The EU is Switzerland’s largest trading partner with economic and trade barriers at a minimal proportion between them. Switzerland is a small country and it depends on importing raw materials to support its industries. They have to manufacture high quality products with also a combination of superior services.

Switzerland became the leader in development of high tech precision instruments, chemicals, metal, machinery and watch making, closely followed by pharmaceuticals, which are Switzerland’s leading exports.

Switzerland’s trade centres are mostly situated around Europe, which has 60% trade with European countries. 15% of its exports go to undeveloped countries.





. Constitutional Guarantees

Constitutional theory expresses that individuals and states are more likely to agree on equal freedoms and on general constitutional principles if they have to choose long term basic rules from behind a `veil of uncertainty (J. Buchanan). This is what makes it difficult for each country that trades together, to identify the future impact and results of the rules. It makes them consider the long term effects of equity and fairness.

Freedom of Trade and Industry in Switzerland

(1) Freedom of trade and industry is guaranteed throughout the territory of the Confederation, subject to such limitations as are contained in the Federal Constitution and the legislation enacted under its authority. (http//www.legalserviceindia.com/constitution/const_swiz.htm)

() Cantonal regulations concerning the exercise of trade and industry and the taxes on such activities remain unaffected. However, such regulations shall not depart from the principle of freedom of trade and industry except where the Federal Constitution provides otherwise. Cantonal monopolies are likewise excepted. (http//www.legalserviceindia.com/constitution/const_swiz.htm)







.4 Protection of Property Rights

Switzerland has one of the best regimes in the world for the protection of intellectual property. Inclusive is that protection is afforded substantially on equal terms to foreign and domestic rights holders. Switzerland is one of the members of the major international intellectual properly rights convention. She is also an active strong supporter of IPR text on the GATT Uruguay round negotiations.

Switzerland is a member of the European Patent Convention as well as the Patent Co-operation Treaty. In 1, a new copyright law recognises computer software as literary work, which enables monetary rewards for private copying of audio and videos.

If filed in Switzerland, a patent application must be made in one of the countrys three official languages (German, French, and Italian). The application must include detailed specifications and sometimes technical drawings are needed. The patent lasts for 0 years. Renewal fees are payable annually with an increasing of fees. However, patents can not be renewed after the 0 years. There is only an exception to renew the patent for products such as pharmaceuticals, which require an extensive testing period prior to marketing.

The Swiss Patent Law (154) states that the following items cannot be covered by patent protection Surgical, Therapy and Diagnostic Processes for application on humans and animals; inventions liable to disturb law and order.

Patents are not granted for species of plants and animals and biological processes for their breeding. In many other areas, the law in which the patent covers is identical to that in the United States. If an American firm has concerns about possible patent infringement in Switzerland, access to the courts is always available.



.0 Economic Structure and Activities

.1 Labour Market

. Economic Indicators

. Freedom to Establish Partnerships, Licensing Agreements

.4 Exchange Rates





.0 Economic Structure and Activities

The Swiss economy is one of the most advanced and prosperous. The Swiss economy has just about survived the recession, which had occurred in 11. The Swiss market was affected by a slight collapse in the real estate market, which was a damaging factor. The Swiss franc had also been affected and became weak which led forecasters to project satisfactory growth economically to about % for Switzerland in 18.

Swiss companies have a major position to play in world export markets. They specialise in high value-added products such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, watches, speciality machinery, and gourmet foods such as chocolates and cheeses. Swiss banks and insurance companies are also the main players on the world scene.

Switzerlands largest trading partner is the EU and their economic trade barriers between them are at a minimum. However, the Swiss Governments long-term intention is to join the EU, and the government was rejected in a referendum on the subject of membership in the European Economic Area in late 1.

The debate over EU membership is still existent till this day and those who opposed opinions, stated that the country has not suffered economically by not being a member. This was clearly obvious as the Swiss economy, remains the envy of much of the world. Switzerland has attempted to disperse of any possible adverse effects of non-membership by conforming many of its regulations, standards, and practices to EU directives and norms.

Recent Activities of Switzerland

• CIS-7 Conference in Lucerne - A conference on the seven poorest countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS-7) ended in Lucerne, Switzerland on January , 00 with a call to donors to find ways to increase financial assistance on grant terms to the countries of the CIS-7 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan).

• The CIS-7 Initiative was launched a year ago to address concerns about the severe economic difficulties, increases in poverty, and rapid build-up of debt in many of the CIS-7 countries since independence in the early 10s.

• The conference, which brought together government and civil society representatives from the CIS-7 as well as the international donor community, broadened and deepened the debate to include a range of economic, institutional and social issues that must be tackled if the seven countries are to achieve the targets of the Millennium Development Goals.

• The Initiatives co-sponsoring agencies will now work with CIS-7 governments, donors and civil society to elaborate follow-up actions on finance and debt relief, ownership and governance, capacity building, and regional integration. [Source ECA News February 00]

• The Third Annual Conference of the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank - Was hosted by the Swiss government in Bern, May -11, 00. The conference was sponsored by SECO (Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs) and held in the Swiss Parliament. More than 100 parliamentarians from over 40 countries participated. (http//wbln0018.worldbank.org/eurvp/web.nsf/Pages/Switzerland-Activities)

• World Bank President, James Wolfensohn visited Switzerland, May -10, 00 - He participated in the Third Annual Conference of the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank, and met with representatives from the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation. He also had a question and answer session with Swiss NGOs (Swiss Coalition of Development Organisations, Bread for All, Helvetas, Swissaid and Berne Declaration) and met with Swiss business leaders. (http//wbln0018.worldbank.org/eurvp/web.nsf/Pages/Switzerland-Activities)

• September -6, 001, Vice President for Europe Jean-François Rischard attended the Sustainability Congress in Bern and met with members of the Swiss Parliament. (http//wbln0018.worldbank.org/eurvp/web.nsf/Pages/Switzerland-Activities)

• June 8, 001, Vice President for Europe Jean-François Rischard gave a keynote speech in the plenary session of the Annual Crans Montana Forum, which took place in Crans Montana, Switzerland. Founded in 18, the Forum meets annually to provide a venue for public and private sector representatives to discuss ways for improving international co-operation and easing the globalisation process in a humanistic way. More than 1,00 participants from 10 countries and organisations attended. (http//wbln0018.worldbank.org/eurvp/web.nsf/Pages/Switzerland-Activities)





.1 Labour Market

The labour market is characterised by upward struggles and the change from an industrial to a service society is having a concise and efficient flow.

The international standards, which Switzerland has, allow a very low unemployment rate, which reflects the above-average flexibility of the Swiss labour market.

It also displays that the Swiss own a tight labour market. The demographic ageing of the population, slower population growth and the trend towards early retirement are adding more pressure on the labour market..

In June 00, Canadas Fraser Institute published its sixth annual report on Economic Freedom of the World. It showed that Switzerland had gained high marks for its liberal economy, in comparison to the growth report issued by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (seco).









. Economic Indicators

Switzerland has one of the most liberal and competitive economies in the world. In the financial services and direct investment departments, Switzerland can match some of the European and global leaders.

Competitiveness, expenditure on research and development, Internet users, are all included in the economic indicators, in which Switzerland occupies a leading position. In cross-border direct investment, the Swiss economy is among the top and is one of the countries which have the highest export rate as a percentage of gross domestic products.

Switzerlands highly developed economy is largely due to its strong alliance’s with the economies of other countries. The technologically advanced industrial sector is characterised by highly specialised, internationally experienced, and flexible small and medium-sized companies. Buying power is very stable which is achieved through traditionally low inflation within the country.

The economic environmental indicators prove that organic farming has a better performance within the market compared with conventional farming which leads to the organic farming system to be more positive to the environment and the country itself.



External Transactions of Commercial Goods and Services

Exports as % of GDP Imports as % of GDP Balance of Trade as % of GDP

15 17 15 17 15 17

Austria 8 4 44 -4 -

Belgium 7 7 68 76 6 5

Denmark 5 41 0 4 4 5

Finland 8 8 0 7 8

France 4 7 1 4 1

Germany 4 8 7

Greece 17 18 7 5 -15 -1

Ireland 75 7 60 7 17 n/a

Italy 8 7 5

Luxembourg 56 81 -10 0

Netherlands 5 68 47 6 5 5

Portugal 0 41 8 -11 -10

Spain 4 8 8 -4 -4

Sweden 41 44 5 8 7 8

UK 8 - -

Norway n/a 8 n/a n/a

Switzerland 40 1 0

Canada 8

USA 11 1 -

Japan 1 11

Albania n/a n/a -6 -10

Bulgaria - 4

Croatia -15 -6

Czech Republic 5 61 -7 -8

Estonia n/a n/a -0 -

Hungary 40 44 -6 -5

Latvia n/a n/a -1 -1

Lithuania -16 -1

Macedonia -1 -18

Poland 6 0 -5 -1

Romania n/a n/a -7 -8

Russia 18 14 6

Slovakia n/a n/a -1 -8

Slovenia -6 -6

Fig .0 External Transactions of Commercial Goods and Services GDP Rates.











Fig . Swiss Franc Past Present and Future





Fig . Bar chart displaying information of organic farming and free range farming.

4.0 Consumer Behaviour

The service industry employs two-thirds of Switzerland’s workforce. The organic food service is the country’s most important economic sector. This Industry is increasingly attracting more of the spotlight of ecological interest than the tertiary sector. Large retailers such as Coop Switzerland and Migros have made dramatic improvements by encouraging environmentally friendly consumer behaviour.



4.1 Size of Markets

The growth of organic farming varies greatly from the mountain regions (ten to thirty per cent of the agricultural area) to the plains (approximately five per cent). All organic farmers belong to the umbrella organisation Bio Suisse (association of Swiss organic farming movements).

Year

organic farms % of all farms total organic land % of agricultural land

180 175

181 06

18 16

18 5

184 86

185 0,0

186 68

187 44

188 485

18 67

10 80 0,87 10.000 0,4

11 40 1.00

1 1.160 17.00

1 1.405 1,0 0.800 1,4

14 1.66 6.100

15 .10 ,80 4.00 ,0

16 .786 4,76 5.400 5,4

17 4.78 5,50 71.70 6,67

18 4.71 6,17 77.84 7,

1 5.07 6,8 8.54 7,7

000 7,50 1.01 8,50

001 5.85 8,50 5.000 8,0

Fig .4 Table displaying information for the growth of total organic markets produced each year

Up to 10, the rate of conversions to organic farming had remained constant for forty years, with annual growth rates of less than ten per cent. During the boom years between 10 and 1, the number of organic farms increased from 800 to 5,000 (table ).

Three factors have influenced this growth

• The consumers’ concern about healthy food

• The agri�environmental policy of the state, which supports organic farms with annual subsidies, and the appearance of organic foods in the two dominant supermarket chains, Coop and Migros.

Branch

Total Production Organic Production

(absolute / relative)

Milk ,867,000 tons 10,500 tons (.7%)

Beef 110,00 tons ,811 tons (.5%)

Pork 1,800 tons ,4 tons (1.1%)

Poultry 40,84 tons 1 tons (1%)

Eggs 61,400,000 eggs 5,000,000 eggs (5.1%)

Wheat 584,400 tons 6,11 tons (1.1%)

Potatoes 687,000 tons 11,564 tons (1.7%)

Vegetables 85,000 (8,475 ha) 800 ha (.4%)

Apples 14,81 tons ,700 tons (1.%)

Wine 1,045,000 hl

(14,1 ha) 178 ha (1.%)

Fig..5 Share of Organic Products in the Different Branches of Production

(Source FiBL, Based on the latest figures from 17, 18 or 1)



4. Access To Media

Television

Switzerland has at least six terrestrial TV stations available everywhere offering an undemanding diet of chat shows, game shows, made-for-TV movies and lots of local news and local interest programming.

Radio

Switzerland has more than forty local radio stations catering to various communities around the country. Swiss Radio International broadcasts news and analysis in English on short wave at 6.165MHz at breakfast time and the evening and at .55MHz at lunchtime, and is also on cable.

The Press

Switzerland has more than 00 newspapers nation-wide. It also has parochial local newssheets, reporting Cantonal and municipal affairs in some detail.

CableCom CableCom are a leading telephone information Service Provider and an inbound telemarketing consultant specialising in large volume call handling applications for both the United Kingdom and World-wide.

Fox Switzerland Fox Switzerland, 0th Century Fox Film Corp..

Micom Mediaagentur Micom Mediaagentur - Mediaagentur fuer innovative kommunikation

Swiss Broadcasting Corporation Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, TV & radio

Swiss Business News A comprehensive guide to the Business News of Switzerland

Swiss Info Swiss Info provide news from Switzerland and around the world

Swisscom Swiss telecom, yellow pages, web services & much more



4. Transportation and Communication

• Direct motorway access to Geneva International Airport (50 min).

• Close proximity to France, Italy and Germany.

• State-of-the-art wireline and cellular telecom links with worldwide coverage.

• Sophisticated technologies for transmission via fibre optics, satellite, microwave, etc.

4.4 Distribution

The market for organic food is growing by twenty per cent per year. It reached 580 million Swiss francs (60 million Euro) in 1, which represented almost two per cent of the total food market. (Dr. Urs Niggli, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 001)

The retailer Coop, with a market share of thirty-two per cent of the Swiss food market, is already making four per cent of its food turnover with organic products. The retailer Migros, with a market share of thirty-six per cent, is making 1.8 per cent of its food turnover in organic foods.

The distribution efforts of the two dominant supermarket chains Coop and Migros, Swiss consumers are comprehensively supplied with organic food and the assortment is almost complete.



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Tolerance in the Dorms

I find our society to be a beautiful mosaic, of which I am a part, comprised of many unique and compelling individuals whose cultures, at times may seem odd and different. But we learn to appreciate them because we discover in the midst of life that understanding others important. Without some sort of tolerance, we would destroy all that we find challenging to comprehend because people generally operate within groups, and as a result we are apt to condemn others for differences we do not understand. Until we attempt to appreciate and relate to those differences, we won’t be able to generate the better part of ourselves. When I moved here from Venezuela, I discovered that acceptance is the key to understanding. Not only did I have to learn a language that was foreign to me, but I also had to adapt to new surroundings. Becoming a Girl Scout, I learned more about the American way. I was also the only girl of Latin decent on a soccer team made up of African-American girls. Although I physically looked very different, I soon learned, after getting to know everyone, that there were more similarities than not. I understood what Atticus Finch meant when he said, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” - To Kill a MockingbirdThe American way is to believe in family, hard work, and traditions so that, someday, one can achieve greatness. I only have to look to my grandparents for this and admire the fact that, with a third grade and an eighth grade education, they were able to raise six children and sacrifice to send them to college to get an education they themselves were never able to receive. They instilled the importance of education as a means to a better and more fulfilling life. In turn, my mother and father have set the example for my brothers and me by going to Texas A&M as a way to reach our goals, mine being to study engineering so that one day I can make a difference in the world. I love my family and life and everything that comes with that. We have a special family calendar that shows birthdays and anniversaries. It includes aunts, uncles, and cousins. I always skip to the best month, October. It’s not just my favorite month because my birthday falls in this time period, but because nine other birthdays take place within these four weeks. This is an extra excuse for family to come together more than once a month. I realize that if I didn’t live here in the U.S., I would be in Venezuela, a third world country. I would not know the life I live now. I would not have the same sense of being American mixed with my Mexican heritage. I know my values would be the same, but from a very different perspective. same, but from a very different perspective.

I have traveled to different parts of this country and other countries, and I discovered something amazing. I found that people just as cultures, though different, are equally beautiful. For example, if you compare a rose to a sunflower, which is more beautiful? The rose because it is more fragrant and delicate, or the sunflower because it is bright and follows the sun? Like everything else, it depends on your perspective.

I feel privileged to come from a background rich in family, love, and hard work; but also very accepting of differences. I am a part of that mosaic which makes life more appealing.






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Fashion Trends Have Effected females’ Self-esteem

Fashion can be thought of as a type of art utilizing cultural materials to transform the appearance of the natural body. It communicates things like social status and sex as well as enhancing attractiveness. While it may have evolutionary links with the flamboyant displays of peacocks and other birds it is clearly a way in which humans distance themselves from the natural world. Through the years, the definition for what was thought to be beautiful has changed a great deal, but culture as always had control over women’s bodies. The multi-billion dollar fashion and beauty industry of today moves at such a fast pace that trends come and go everyday. What was considered beautiful two hundred years ago probably wouldn’t be thought of in the same way today? The fashions and trends that have occurred over the past four decades are leading to a problem that is getting worse every year. It was somehow decided many years ago that it was desirable for women to be thin, or at least not over weight. And it seems that most beautiful and most admired women of today’s age get smaller every year. To understand where we are at today, we must first understand the major influences that have happened in the fashion industry in the past 40 years.

What has to be known as the “Youth Culture” started in the 160’s? During the same period of time Barbie was introduced to young girls. Though meant to be an ideal in “feminine glamour”, Barbie was very unrealistically proportioned, with larger than average breasts, extremely long legs, and very slender hips. Fashion went to extremely different lengths during this decade. The fashion industry cut inches from the hems of skirts, creating the very popular miniskirt. Women started wearing bikinis instead of one-piece bathing suits, and tight fitting body suits also became popular. These “fashion revolutions” did a great deal for the fashion and beauty industry, but it put a lot of pressure on women and teenagers to stay or become thin (Media 0-1).

The 170’s have become to be known as the “Me” decade; because people started dressing any way they dared to. What people wore wasn’t as important as it once was, but how the person looked continued to gain importance. The use of teenage models continued. This left woman an unwritten code of beauty that held thinness as very important. The desire to be muscular and toned continued to flourish in the eighties. More pressure than ever was put on women to diet and exercise, and as in years before, the use of younger models increased. Calvin Klein began a series of advertisements that contained shots of young men and women who portrayed an ideal body image small framed bodies with baby-like facial features set in a sexually provocative pose (Media 4).




The 10’s brought forth a style of body that many people have tried to obtain. The “Waif Look” is a lot like the first youth models of the sixties, but taller and even thinner. The young models that portray this look have super straight bodies, and stick thin arms and legs. The youth trend that has gone on over the past few decades continues strong today. In fact, models are beginning at younger and younger ages. Most begin at around 15, although it is not surprising to see thirteen-year-old girls on the fashion runways of Paris and Milan (Media 5-7). In turn, these girls unintentionally force the older, more proportioned, models to lose weight and try to reduce their bodies to the size of their almost pre-pubescent competition. The average female has a height of five feet and five inches and should weigh in at about 117-156 pounds. The average model is about 5’10’’ and weighs only approximately 15 pounds. Women across the country look at models like Kate Moss and wonder where they are going wrong in their diets and exercise routines. Most people aren’t aware that the average model weighs about % less than the average female of their age (Media 1), and still think it is perfectly normal and attainable to have a body like Kate Moss’. In all actuality, only 10% of the nations’ population genetically fit models’ height and weight zone.

Thee desperate need to look younger, thinner and more attractive as become a near obsession with millions of American teenagers. Teenagers turn to models and celebrities to define how they should look, and as a direct result develop problems with their self-esteem and become obsessed with their bodies. At a very crucial and stressful point in their lives, their bodies are experiencing changes and are starting to develop. Cover models portray the perfect face and teenagers tend to want to be like them. They want to look like the girl in the cover of Seventeen or the actors they see on television. What they do not realize is that these models have been chosen from hundreds of other aspiring models and under go a lot of preparation in order to be ready for a photo shoot. If the teenagers are not careful, they can begin to lose self-esteem, because they want to look like someone else. Sadly, more and more young women want to be the stereotypical ideal, and are pre-occupied with becoming or staying thin.

In a survey conducted in 18 by USA Weekend in partnership with Channel One, for their 11th Annual Special Teen Report, as many as 7,000 teens ranging from grades 6-1 were asked a variety of questions reflecting how they think of themselves, their parents, their friends and other related topics. Most of the teens say they feel good about themselves in general, but about thee same amount of people felt insecure about their appearance. More than half of the teens feel pressured to look a certain way and a very large percent say that celebrities influence their lives and how they dress (Teens ). Nearly / of all teens surveyed believe that appearance plays an important role in becoming successful and gaining respect in life (4).

Somewhere teenage girls of today have gotten a distorted perception of what is important to their own health and well being. Could it be that the models they admire re making them think that being skinny should be their first priority? As models have decreased in size over the years, so has the self-esteem of our teenage girls. It is interesting to note that the influences of the fashion industry are showing up in weight statistics for real women whose average weight is now on the decrease. Could it be that as the inches are disappearing from the waists’ of models, the self-esteem of our teenage society is disappearing along with them?

A lack of self-esteem can lead to greater health problems. Many teenagers feel pressured to fit in and try to conform to societies ideal body image. They think that if they are skinny, people will like them and they will be accepted. Almost all teenage girls buy or read fashion magazines; the slender supermodels contained within the magazines only reinforce the young teenager’s beliefs that to be accepted they must e thin. What we do not realize is that the minority of people have an image like the cover models’ appearance so it would be logical to have a more realistic image on the cover of a fashion magazine because the customers who buy advertised products and clothes have an ideal image not a supermodel’s image. Lots of teenage girls look at models, as idols and resort to unhealthy methods of weight loss to try and look like them. These unhealthy ways often lead to more serious problems like anorexia and bulimia. Both life-threatening disorders are characterized by lack of self-esteem, and people who suffer from them usually have doubts about their individuality and self worth.

It is needless to say that as society and the fashion industry drop the average size of models, the self-esteem of any bone thin for so long, it is also unhealthy to make the young women of tomorrow feel inadequate. Most young women are blessed with the reality that they are never going to be a famous fashion model, but that does not mean that the same young women don’t envy the models tat do make it. It is obvious that we wont be able to turn back time, and change the way society have developed a pre-occupation with beauty and thinness. We can, however, change the way young women think about themselves. A single positive influence in a teens’ life can be enough to make a world difference. We need to encourage teens to be themselves and to be proud of who they are, so they do not feel pressured to fit in and conform to society. People whom are happy with who they are, are less likely to try and obtain and “ideal” body image, because they accept their bodies the way they are.



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Productive work groups are of strategic importance to modern organizations. The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline the significance of group process factors. These process factors cover areas such as group norms, group cohesiveness, and group development. The different group factors are all interrelated and have an effect on other group factors. A work group is a gathering of two or more people working together towards the achievement of a common goal. The process factors which influence the operation of groups can be instrumental to whether the group functions as a positive synergy or a negative synergy, and the effectiveness of the group as whole.



The first group process relates to group norms. Norms are a common occurrence in most aspects of society. Group norms are rules or standards of behaviour that are collectively shared by a group in order to develop a sense of uniformity among the membership of a group. Group norms illustrate a consensus of common values relating to a variety of different issues such as socialising. Socialising plays an important role in forming the norms of a group. Group norms can determine the type of socialising that the group might engage in. Other facets of group norms are the distribution and allocation of materials, equipment, workspace, and worker remuneration (Bartol, Martins, Tein & Matthews, 001, p.468).






There are four mechanisms through which group norms are typically formed; they are explicit statements, critical events, primacy, and carryover behaviours. Explicit statements illustrate the expectations placed upon a group member. Normally an explicit statement is a directive from one member of a group to a new member of what sort of standard or behaviour the group requires. Critical events are precedents that dictate the future direction of the group. Critical events are seen as en event that has occurred in the past and has predetermined the course of action in relation to such an event occurring in the future. Primacy is a mechanism by which the group adopts a pattern of following the primary actions and behaviours of the group as a norm. Carryover behaviours are norms that have been introduced to the group that the members of the group have experienced as norms in previous group situations (Bartol et al., 001).



The significance of group norms to the performance of a group is of immense importance. Groups need norms to help facilitate group participation. If a member fails to accept the norms of the group, the member may become ostracized from the group. Group norms also help unite groups by providing a common bond between workers. A negative aspect of group norms can be that individuals may go against the rules of the organization to conform to the norms of a group (Smith & Bell, 14). However, a group that has acceptable norms may operate more efficiently and will help the group develop a sense of cohesion.



The second group process factor relates to group cohesiveness. Group cohesion deals with how a group sticks together and the impact that group cohesion can have upon the work level of a group. Riordan and Weatherly (1, p.10) state that group cohesiveness is important to the functioning of the group, and depends upon a worker having some form of identification with the group. Groups that have strong cohesion and a sense of group identity have better greater communication within the group than a group that has little cohesion. Members of cohesive groups demonstrate sensitivity to other group members and feel more satisfied with their profession (Bartol et al., 001).



Group cohesion and identification also have an impact upon the performance of the group. Work group cohesiveness is derived from the personal cognitive connection between an individual and the work group. One of the benefits of group cohesion is a reduction in absenteeism (Goodman & Atkins, 184). Groups that are well formed and respectful of one another tend not to be absent for menial reasons, as individuals feel that they have a responsibility to the group. Negative aspects of strong group cohesion be that the group might attempt to makeup for an under achieving worker, or if a group has good communication the group might engage in more talk than work.



Group cohesion and group norms have a significant impact upon the performance of a group. Groups that display strong cohesion and high performance norms tend to be the most efficient performers. In contrast, groups that are highly cohesive with low performance norms tend to deliberately lower performance levels as a group. Group cohesion is determined by factors such as workers having similar values, attitudes and personalities. Groups that are cohesive tend to develop a group understanding of events and circumstances that can exert a positive influence upon work performance (Bartol et al., 001, p.470).



Group development is the final aspect that influences group processes. Tuckman (165, p.p. 84-) established that there are five distinct stages to the group development process. The first of the five stages is called the forming stage. The forming stage involves the formation of a group of people that are to work towards a common task. In the forming stage the members try to gain an understanding of the task at hand and attempt to work out the best method for completing the task. Members also try to gain an insight into the other members of the group, and establish the basis of how the group begins to interact.



The second stage of group development is the storming stage. The storming stage could also be called the conflict stage, as it the stage of development where conflicts usually occur. Conflicts can range from a difference of opinion over key issues involved in achieving a task, to personality conflicts between members of the group. It is important for the group to find some common ground and resolve the conflicts at this stage, as the group needs to cooperate. Unresolved conflicts can lead to an impact in the effectiveness and efficiency of the group. The storming stage can lead to the emergence of a group leader who can either resolve disputes or can manage to be the most persuasive in arguing their case.



The third stage of development is the norming stage. It is at this stage that group starts to develop group norms and attempts to build a sense of group cohesion. Members begin to identify with the group, and each member gathers an understanding of the role they are expected to play within the group. The norming stage is crucial for the group to unite and attempt to build upon the areas that the group has in common.



The fourth stage of the development process is the performing stage. At this stage the group focuses collectively on accomplishing the task. It is important that group norms have a positive influence on the group in relation to expected levels of performance. Group norms and cohesiveness will determine whether the group develops a positive or negative synergy. The individual members of the group need to identify with the group in order for the group to be able to effectively solve problems. Each individual needs to work towards accomplishing their individual goal while also working towards the task of the group.



The final stage of group development process is the adjourning stage. At this stage the group should have accomplished all of the tasks that the group was attempting to achieve. The group normally breaks up and members prepare to disengage from the group. The group may hold some form of social event to celebrate the group’s achievement and bring closure to the workgroup cohesion. The desire for some form of celebration will depend upon the cohesion of the group, the time spent together, and the complexity of the task (Bartol et al., 001). [ words]



It is important to note that not all researchers are in agreement with the group development theory of Tuckman (165). Seeger (18, p.68) argues that the group development process apply only to groups that have never previously met. Patton & Giffin (17) claim that many groups do not follow a sequence of predetermined events, but follow a sequence that is determined by the various elements that constitute the group. Wanous, Reichers & Malik, (184, p.674) suggest that the integration of a newcomer to a group begins a complete new cycle of group development.



To sum upAs we have seen, group norms, group cohesiveness, and group development are significant to the performance and functioning of a group. Group norms should create a positive environment for the workers to form a cohesive group. Group cohesiveness will lead to the group achieving a greater level performance. Group development is essential for the group to establish norms and cohesiveness before completing the goals of the work group. For organizations to create and maintain productive work groups, the organization should follow the theories of group norms, group cohesiveness and group development.



References

Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M., & Matthews, G., 000, Management, A Pacific Rim Focus, rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.

Patton, R., & Giffin, K., 17, Problem-solving group interaction, Harper & Row, New York.

Riordan, C.M., & Weatherly, E.W., 1, ‘Defining and measuring employees identification with their workgroups’, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 5, No. , p.p. 10-4.

Seeger, J.A., 18, ‘No innate phases in group problem solving’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, p.p. 68-68

Smith, J.M., & Bell, P.A., 14, ‘Conformity as a determinant of behaviour in a resource dilemma’, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.14, Issue .

Tuckman, B.W., 165, ‘Developmental sequence in small groups’, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 6, p.p.84-.

Wanous, J.P., Reichers, A.E., & Malik, S.D., 184, ‘Organizational socialization and group development Toward an integrative perspective’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. , No. 4, p.p. 670-68.

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I’ve had a natural artistic ability for my entire life and I’ve been hearing praise for it since I was old enough to put a crayon to paper. I have the ability to copy a photograph nearly identically and create at least a very good likeness with a paintbrush. This is a talent which had been one of the few things that I liked about myself, it’s helped me threw bad times and will continue to serve me throughout my life.

Since I was very young, all the way back to preschool, I felt an immense and inescapable rejection from my peers. It seems now that it was so bad I would like to call it schizophrenia, a chuckle or mumbled word from anyone would cause my mind to weave fantastic plots against me by whoever uttered the sound. The only way I could seem to get any positive attention from anyone was to draw, so draw I did. I drew things I knew I could get praise for; dogs, cartoon characters, unicorns, dragons and anything else that may have been assigned in art class. Being that my art seemed to be the only thing about me that anyone liked, I worked on it quite a bit, and got pretty good at it. In the sixth grade I was introduced to a new kind of drawing, I’d always drawn from imagination but found that this new technique - still life - held the possibility for detail I could never imagine.

Being that I had always drawn from my own mind, still life was an entirely new concept for me but I found I had a knack for it. By this time art was becoming less of a way to be accepted and more of something that I like about myself, I didn’t care what anyone thought of what I drew, I enjoyed seeing just how exactly I could copy what I saw. It became fun, and it’s a characteristic of me like is my hair or my eye color.

Now my art is a part of me, it’s something I cherish about myself and I want it to be what I am known for; I want my name to bring to a persons mind, ‘artist’. Now that I am in college, it’s become obvious to me that my art is even something I could live off of. There are a million different kinds of jobs that involve the visual arts and although I have no idea what I will do later in life, I will continue to create beautiful images of paint, pencil, and ink.






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When the boys first arrived on the island they automatically seeked for some kind of law and order since there are not any grown-ups. They want to belong to a group, with someone in charge to lead them, and make them feel safe. After being chosen in a democratic election, Ralph becomes this leader.

Ralphs society becomes a symbol of the democratic society, where everyone has their rights and an equal say. He assigned the choir as hunters and Jack the position of being the leader of them. The conch becomes an important symbol for authority and civilisation, anyone who holds it has the right to be heard. In Ralphs society everyone works for the benefit of the whole group. Building shelters, looking for food and keeping the fire alive are the three most important issues.

After a period of time this society starts to brake up. With the fear of the beastie, the boys have become terrified of this creature which lead up to the death of Simon and then Piggy. But there is a difference between these two deaths, as Simons death was accidental and Piggys death was deliberate. This shows the darkness inside mans heart, which is released when mankind becomes savages. Fear is what provokes savagery, as Roger lost control of his actions because of fear. With the destruction of the conch along with the death of Piggy, it also shows the destruction of authority and civilisation.

Jack and the hunters show that mankind are inheritantly evil, if left alone to take care of themselves, fear will turn tem into the savage roots of the ancestors. This is shown near the end of the novel with the killing of piggy and the hunting of Ralph. Though at first Jack felt guilty for killing Simon, because he was still civilised, however as time goes on it turns into a thirst for blood, to kill anything that stands in his way to become the leader of the island.




Ralph represents fairness and morality while Jack represents evil and the decay of civilisation. Piggy symbolizes the law and order of the world they left behind. He attempts to act accordingly to an absolute set of standards. Roger symbolizes mans natural tendency to cause harm to others, as he evolves into a terrorist, a savage, eager to throw rocks, roll boulder and throw spears at his fellow tribe members and act as a follower of Jack to do his dirty work for him.

Fear and frustration provokes the darkness of mans heart, without any law and order man will turn into savages. The events throughout the novel show the deterioration of civilisation to savagery.



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HR Management

This essay will evaluate the role of human resource management (HRM) in the strategic process. This will include the function of recruitment and training programs in HRM, the concept of strategic fit and how human resource management can lead to a competitive advantage. The manner in which an organization’s personnel are managed has a tangible influence on the productivity of the employees, which ultimately acts upon the firm’s bottom line. Corporate success is dependent upon the integration of the human resource plan and the corporate strategic plan. It has become a prominent part of business management, that people provide organizations with an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and that the effective management of human capital, not physical capital, may be the ultimate determinant of organizational performance (Youndt, Snell, Dean, Jr, & Lepak, 16).

The relationship between the strategic planning of an organization’s people and the overall strategy is being increasingly recognized as one of great importance. A growing recognition of human resources as being a company’s most important asset has, and will continue to, changes the focus of strategic planning. It is no longer acceptable to exclusively plan for those assets that will appear on the balance sheet. A plan integrating human resource management and the overall strategic plan is necessary, such that the management of people is not a distinct function, but acts as a medium through which all other business strategies are implemented (Armstrong and Long, 14 p. 4). In essence, the competitive, human resource, and structural strategies should all be linked in a systemic and dynamic fashion (Boxall, 16 p. 61).




The purpose of HRM is to anticipate changes within the employee framework, thereby ensuring that the organizational objectives are fulfilled (Nankervis, Compton and McCarthy, 1 p. 5). This process is critical to the strategic objectives of the firm. If changes in the ‘people market’ can be anticipated, and if this is attended to at the senior level, human resource management (HRM) can act as a proactive advisor. However, the relationship between overall strategic planning and HRM is largely dependent on the perceptions of both HRM and senior management towards the contribution that the workforce can make to corporate success. For example, companies that are aware of the strategic value of human resources are more likely to integrate HRM with the overall strategic plan (Nankervis, Compton and McCarthy, 1 p. 56).

Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is the process of identifying the organization’s strategic goals and the use of these goals as the basis for personnel practices and procedures (Butler, Ferris and Napier, 11 p. 64). Comparing the performance of organizations that utilize it with those that do not can show the importance of SHRM. Numerous studies and reports have concluded from their study of the corporate sector that the strategic management of human resources leads to a competitive advantage, (see Collins, 187; Butler, Ferris and Napier, 11; Koch and McGrath, 16; Armstrong and Long, 14; Schuler and MacMillan, 184; Pfeffer, 15; Schuler and Jackson, 187). Knowing, therefore, that the development of a strategy for HRM is beneficial, the setting of strategic objectives is necessary. The strategic objective includes the overall competitive objectives of the company, the formation of which is identified by the organization’s mission statement. By considering the environmental analysis (including industrial and economic factors) and an internal analysis (including strengths and weaknesses of the firm and human resources), the company is able to formulate an overall strategy, with a major contribution from HRM (Butler, Ferris and Napier, 11 p. 67).

Human resource strategy and corporate strategy need to be integrated so that strategic harmony is developed between HRM and the business plan (Armstrong and Long, 14 p. 4). Certain human resource strategies, particularly the accurate projection of human capital needs, and employee selection and development, will lead to superior workforce performance. If a firm is able to excel at creating a highly productive workforce through effective HR management programs, they will gain a competitive advantage (Koch and McGrath, 16 p. 7; Schuler and MacMillan, 184 p. 54). This gives the corporation an advantage that competitors will find difficult to replicate, and can lead to an increase in market share and company profits (Schuler and MacMillan, 184 p. 41). The human resource management practices will not exclusively influence the success or failure of an organization, though they will be a critical factor.

An increasingly large number of corporations are now using HR practices to support their long-range business planning processes. An Australian study in 1 found that % of those companies that regularly develop formal corporate plans have considerable input from the HR function (Nankervis, Compton and McCarthy, 1 p. 56). In the four years since then, there have been a number of changes in workplace arrangements, particularly in regard to enterprise bargaining (CCH, 15).

In this new economy, the expertise of each employee is regarded as a living asset, such that there is now much greater interest in the contribution of HRM to overall strategic planning. Since HRM deals with issues regarding people, it also has an ethical role to play. It is likely that any HR management will probably be influenced by the need for fairness and justice. If HRM is to contribute to the overall strategic planning within the organization, any ethical issues related to the personnel and the industry will be influential. The ethical management of human resources is also dependent upon an appropriate fit between HRM and the organization’s strategy. Essentially, human resource management cannot be ethical unless it is strategic (Miller, 16 p. 16).

A fundamental division within strategic HRM is recruitment, the requirements of which are determined by the overall staffing requirements and strategies of the company. Developing a strategic approach to recruitment processes is therefore necessary to create a pool of appropriately qualified and experienced people so that selection can be initiated. A strategic examination of the organization’s needs by the HR management group will identify the type of person required for that type of job (Nankervis, Compton and McCarthy, 1 p. 170). Choosing the right individual for each specific position is of immense importance in fulfilling the overall strategic plan of the organization. The failure to select the most effective person will typically constrain a firm’s performance and lead, sooner or later, to its demise (Boxall, 16 p. 61). Strategy must be translated into selection requirements, and this is most effectively done by job analysis. This analysis will assess the consequence of any strategic change upon what people will do in their job and how they will do it. The job description will identify any modifications to the person specifications, and will present the various qualities needed in the employee (Evenden and Anderson, 1, cited in Harrison, 1 p. 8).

Training and development is another area of HRM that can contribute to the corporate strategy. To keep up with the changing HR requirements, training is needed to ensure that the skills and knowledge of the employees is at the required level. Reformation in the external and internal environments influence strategic change, such that static set of employee skills will often be inadequate (Butler, Ferris and Napier, 11 p. 78). Furthermore, training can help to convey the expectations and overall strategy of the organization. In Karl Albrecht’s customer-focused model, he stated that The methods of education, training and communication play a central part in helping everyone understand the customer’s needs and expectations, the vision, mission, and values of the organization, and the strategies for winning and keeping the customer’s business (p. 68). However, there are some limitations to this premise. First, there must be a sufficient number of qualified people seeking employment. A shortage of labor significantly limits the options of finding the right people for the organization. Secondly, the organization must be able to provide adequate financial and managerial support to the recruitment, selection, and training programs outlined above. HR practices should be designed to positively support the organization’s strategic planning of cost leadership, differentiation, and training and development in what should be a powerful combination of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ fit (Boxall, 16 p. 6). The concept of ‘fit’ refers to the integration of human resource management with the overall strategic objectives of the organization.

Success within an organization can be determined by establishing an external fit between organizational resources and environmental influences, and by developing an internal fit between the strategy, design and function of the firm. The SHRM team should have an external and an internal focus (Butler, Ferris and Napier, 11 p. 7). This external focus refers to their association with the corporate strategy group and other leadership departments; internally, they are in the best position to analyze employee attitudes and capabilities. The development of a strategic fit has important ramifications for the HR function. The culture, strategic objectives, personnel policies and management behavior all influence the company’s people (Collins, 187p. 15; Rance, 16). Tight fit is only possible when the senior management has a clear understanding of the firm’s direction, and is able to effectively communicate that to their subordinates (Dunn, 15 p. 58). The objectives and manner in which they are to be achieved needs to be explained.

Effective communication is essential for HRM to have a constructive contribution to the overall strategy, and to allow the accomplishment of the strategic objectives (Collins, 187 p. 15). Although HR management should be integrated with other strategies, problems are going to be encountered. Such as the diversity of strategic processes, levels and styles. If each strategic business unit in an organization develops their own HRM policy independently of other HRM policies it may be difficult to focus HR strategies on the needs of the firm. If the business strategy has not been clearly defined and understood or there is an absence of articulated business strategies, then it would be difficult to develop a complementary HRM strategy. The strategy formulation process is complex as a broad range of environmental factors influences the formation of a strategy. It may, therefore, be difficult to progress directly from corporate strategy to HR strategy.

In conclusion, above all else it is people who create and develop a competitive edge. The strategic planning of human resources can therefore make a significant contribution to the overall strategic plan by ensuring that the company has the right type of people with the required skills, and that they are managed productively. HRM can contribute to overall strategic planning by being involved in the internal and external analysis, by bringing attention to the role of the HR function in fulfilling the business plan, using effective HR management programs to create a highly productive workforce, assisting in the development of the formal corporate plan, planning and initiating recruitment, selection and training and development programs and developing a tight fit between organizational resources and employee capabilities. All human resource practices need to be linked to the competitive strategy. By amalgamating human resource management with the overall strategic plan, the organization will retain a flexible workforce, which can act as a business strength (Skelton, 16). Torraco and Swanson (15 p. 1) summed it up by saying Today, organization’s that are capable of rapidly responding to emerging business needs will succeed. This flexibility can only come through the contribution of human resource management to the overall strategic business plan.



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There seems to be a lot talk these days about English Only Laws. English Only laws vary. Some states simply declare English as the official language of the state. Other state and local edicts limit or prohibit governments use of non-English language assistance and services. Some restrict bilingual education programs, prohibit multilingual ballots, or forbid non-English government services such services as courtroom translation or multilingual emergency police lines.

So far sixteen States have adopted English only laws. Some versions of the English Language Amendment would void almost all state and federal laws that require the government to provide services in languages other than English. The services affected would include health, education and social welfare services, job training, translation assistance to crime victims and witnesses in court and administrative proceedings; voting assistance and ballots, drivers licensing exams, and AIDS prevention education.

It is estimated that 6 percent of Americans are fluent in English, It is also estimated that 10 million resident are not. While 6 percent seems to be a huge percentage, ten million individuals should not be overlooked. Would the proposed laws violate the rights of these American citizens? Will English only laws slow or speed the progress of integrating immigrants into the fabrics of society? These laws may have an effect on the last generation of immigrants but I believe they will help the next generation.

Immigrants want to come to the United States of America for many reasons. Some of those reasons include religious freedoms, abundant opportunity, and a democratic society. It is the vast majority of cultures and different races of people that make our nation great. However, this nation needs to find a glue to unite the people and stir patriotism in our society.




With the latest rounds of terrorist attacks and the War on Terrorism being fought in the Middle East this nation should be mindful of groups that could cause harm to society. If you have different groups of people that exist in the United States, and those groups all have their own language and cannot communicate with each other, this nation could tear it’s self apart from the inside out. There has to something to unite the different races so that they share something in common. The English language could be part of that glue.

By imposing English Only legislature the government will encourage individuals and families to learn the English language. This change may have some negative effects in the short run, but in the long run, the changes will be beneficial to society. Learning English will not limit the types of jobs that immigrants are qualified for. It will enable them to be more informed about the political policies that this nation makes. It will enable them to seek more abundant help if in danger. It will enable all different types of people to communicate and have a common language.

It is impossible for the government to accommodate all of the different languages and groups that exist. If the government is going to sponsor a program to make people aware of the dangers of HIV, should it be required to make flyers and posters in every language imaginable as to not exclude anyone? The answer is no, if immigrants come to this nation they themselves are responsible for learning the cultures and the language of the American people. Society as well as individuals will benefit from this policy.

The English Only policy proposed does not violate the rights of its citizens. It does not state that immigrants cannot communicate in their native tongue. If immigrants want to speak their native language among each other or anyone else that is perfectly acceptable. The government is merely simplifying programs, saving time and money, and encouraging a common bond among American citizens. This is not a violation of individual rights.

However, I do believe that the government should take a more active role in educating immigrants as they come into the country. If immigrants are required to learn English as part of the naturalization process they would be more equipped to handle the challenges that lie ahead. As Americans it is our responsibility to make sure that immigrants are not a drain on society. The door should always be open to individuals looking for a better life but we need to make sure that those individuals are equipped to lead productive lives. English Only laws might help that process along.



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Approaching the front door you I saw that the roof was splintered and patterned with harsh frost and as it creaked wide the only thing that I could hear was the gentle hum of the old TV. There was nobody in the living room, nobody anywhere. I felt alone. Everything surrounding me lay untouched just like the last time I saw it. As I walked around I noticed the kitchen was bigger than it used to be or at least seemed to be, actually the whole house seemed bigger than before.

I looked through the passage way to see the cellar door. It was white now covered in dashes of black, and brown wooden marks. I thought it with one touch would fall to pieces. It didn’t seem to have an effect on me this time � although it looked much scarier I wasn’t scared. I opened the door and switched on the light. This was the first time I had seen down here. I was always afraid to walk these steps when I was younger, afraid of some monster which I knew wasn’t there. The room was just an empty space, a few cardboard boxes here and there but everything had been moved. I walked back by the stairs into the living room and turned off the TV and decided to go upstairs. On the way I went into my grandmother’s room. It was quite spacious with the bed centered in the middle and the dressing table in the far corner.

The long passageway ahead of me was narrow and at the top to the left was my room. It was small, and I had shared it with my brother. The light switch didn’t work but the bed was there, nothing else. Not that the house was an empty shack filled with dust and rats, it was still clean and people were still living here, well at least for a week or so. My uncle’s room had been repainted, and the picture of my grandfather remained above the bed. I walked back down the passageway and along another. The bathroom had also been redone up. Everything was new in here, it felt weird. The rest of the house seemed ancient compared to here, it was like a completely different house. At the very end of the corridor was my parent’s room. It was bigger than all of the other rooms and looking out the window you could see a view of the park. Although quite enormous the house was really nothing special and as I went back downstairs I noticed that the banister was polished to perfection as it always was. I sat down on the ugly grey couch, bored. I heard a car pull up outside, the keys rattling their way into the hole and then, the door opened.






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